r 



A 

GRAMMAR 

ARMENIAN AND ENGLISH 



MM 



>m Wk 



ARMENIAN AND ENGLISH 



BY 



D. D. 




r 






VENICE 



OF ST. LAZARUS 



7 



1832 



ADVER TISEMENT 



The Author having published in 1819. 
the first Edition of his Armenian Grammar 
for the use of English Students of that lan- 
guage > is encouraged to republish it in a more 
correct and complete form. 

In the present Edition will be found some 
specimens of Armenian Poetry , and some 
translations of Lord Byron fro?n the Arme- 
nian into English; and there are added, by 
way of exercise, Extracts from the best Ar- 
menian Writers. Some of which are accom- 
panied also with English translations. 

It is therefore hoped that the Volume in 
its present form will prove an acquisition, and 
meet with a continuance of public approba- 
tion . 






And the Ark rested ,.„ upon the mountains 
of Ararat. 

Gen. viii. 4. 



GRAMMAR 



r rammar teaches the art of speaking 
and writing correctly. 

Human discourse is formed of letters, syl- 
lables and words. 

Letters are the elements of a syllable. 

A syllable js either one letter, or the 
union of letters. 

A word is one or more syllables, which 
express some thing. 

The union of words to explain our thoughts 
completely is called discourse. 

The harmony of words with the rules of 
Grammar is called Syntax. 



8 

ALPHABET. 

The Armenian Alphabet consists of thirty-eight 
letters. 

Form. Name. Sound. 

\\ m m Ipe (as in ripe) A (as in father.) 
\\ p p pien, P soft. 

<1* ^ f kirn, K, C, Q. 

*\* t T ta ^' T soft. 

1? £- fr yetch, YE ( as \n yes. ) 

^ t 1 za ' lj Z or S soft. 

| * £ {- d, E ( as in met. ) 

\* CL t y et > ^e F^nch e mute, or as 

english U ( in us. ) 
iih P~ It* twon, T hard. 

$\ J- fr j (french, or zh or as english s in 

the words pleasure, measure, 

confusion. ) 
J* ft (r inni, I or E. 

1 L L hune, L. 

]u fa h the, CH german, or as 

X greek. 
\y% & fr dzah, DZ. 

M k h ghien, G hard. 

^ ^ 4 hwoh, H. 

Q 1 i tzah, TZsoft. 

"|- ■ t 1 gh^cl* GH or as y greek. 

7\ 2f 2f je' or jde'. J or G soft. 
If J* S mien, M. 

{ l J ; he or ye, H soft. 



9 
■j, s# % uoo, N 



shah, SH. 

WC 

rci 

fetch or charity. ) 



(| ^ n n wo, WO (asm worthy.) 

12 £ i tc ^ a ^^ TCH or CH (as in 



<I| h 1 be, B. 

,9, £_ I tchd or che, GH or TCH soft. 

j|* /l «- rah, R hard (as in raft.) 

|] f/ *# s^, S. 

if, *L i vlev > v - 

<^ «n *♦ dune, D. 

J 1 p p re, R soft. 

{> # 3 tzvoh, TZ hard. 

|x £_ 4- une, U. 

<]> £ . | pure/ P. 

*j\ ^ * ke, KorCH(asinarcA« 

angel and chaos.) 

() s o ■ o o, O. 

(]) # * phaorfe, PH or F. ■ 

The 36 Characters from \\ to *(\ were 
formed in the fourth Century, the last two 
( ) and f\y were introduced into the Arme- 
nian Alphabet in the twelfth Century e 

bowels. 

> *"> kr k> £> fr> n > *-> °- 



i The above sounds are the nearest that can be giren 
in English characters. 

2 



Consonants. 



p, t> f 'h P~> ^> L> /".* *"> k> *>> ^> li 
"X*, */% j 9 ***> Z_9 £_9 «/> 2_ 9 "-> **9 *[, w* [>9 
9, #, 4*> %> - 



SYLLABLE. 



A 



syllable is an articulate sound, as,#///i_ 9 
ar . t Lm 9 nah . rj-iup, tar . mqin, aghd. nniT, 
worm, pulpy., part, t^umfu, ham. q-l?i/g, tejnk. 
qpp, zor . /fun-) unt. P-/n- 9 tiv . J-uuT, zham . 
[qju, looyce. &wtt-, dzar. %*"[_;> gahl. ^uyp, 
hire. Zuifu, tzine. "Z&uit-s jar. tfiyp, mire, ^ni^i, 
shoon. £UMp ,tchar.$nt-p 9 tshoor or chure. tint-pp, 
soorp. uit?[i 9 der. pwiF, rahm. gr*L. 9 tzoo. i-fti.(J- 9 
ute or ewt. tfriun-g, park. 

A syllable may be also composed of six 
letters, as uHnut/pg, siampk. ^^UNr* chiurpk. 

Two or three consonants are sometimes 
formed before or after a vowel . 

Double consonants at the end of a syllable 
are pronounced short, as, wwpp, darr.^iu^ 
tjuig.^ , cahghack. 

^VThen the word ends with doubled, in 
the pronunciation an £ is inserted , as , 
dluufifu ( ifutufufh ) madnun. Zh-nHfu (Ih-nfugi} 
tziernun. 

So also when in the beginning of a word 
the same consonant is doubled, as, ££?*-£ 

(iK?^) Shush00g. ^ng ( fcfag ) gUgOtZ. 

When the liquids ^, ^, p, are at the end 



of a syllable after another eonsonaut, they 
have equally in the pronunciation the letter 

£, as, dnL-ljli ( g/hi-/f£lM ) mOOgun. uMuinrj^ ( «/«f w 

m lfL- ) a $dugh . q-ni-uuin ( rf-nt-uuiyi ) toosder . 

But not when they precede the consonant, 
as, tj-niSiuin ) coond. wqut, aghd. fyusnq-, garck . 

Likewise when the consonants are diffe- 
rent, as, (3-ni-q[£, tooght . uni-ppg, soorpk . 
<$nqif£>, hoghmk . 

In the beginning of many words between 
two consonants the letter t is understood in 
the oblique cases in stead of another vowel 
of the nominative case, as, ^m-l^M, tzoogun . 
Ifyufu (S^fyu/ii) tzugan. Jp^uj, mishd. if^uwMfyujj 
( iffauiiufyiy ) mushdagak. 

FAMILIAR ABBREVIATIONS 



ijilP 


ujiflrhiujU ♦ 


P-^ovk 


plAtf. 


? 


lUjunUfyii ♦ 


P-p or f 


[3-lriuiffE « 


M/O"- 


I uuint-u/dr ♦ 


'£'^ 


'b 'Itcy 


% 


1 uuini^crni ♦ . 


*^ 


fyuiiP* 


in if 


1 uwnL-crni]+ 


CI* 


{\{,unL.u 


evT 


a.uiijnL.iF+ 


*r 


unnuj ♦ 


tc 


n.nnuj * 


'i.ffi.k 


luluful? * 


*C 


trutf + 


% 


'unpiu ♦ 


L. 


in.. 


% 


'bnqtu ♦ 


lis. 


Zl. iUjfif ♦ 


for 


%nuuj ♦ 


tt 


cH* 


nu^ 


npiiftju ♦ 


^_ 


nuut ♦ 


uj^u or */jf 


«j/£i/ ♦ 


Pfi or 


/T p-fiifr. 


^ 


unniu *■ 


(3% or 


h [3-lrufu ♦ 


W£ 


uJufulf ♦ 



12 





unptu ♦ 


^ 


iluJifu ♦ 


■&■ 


unqiu ♦ 


•jjtl 


duJuU nnns ♦ 


u !rk 


unniuht, ♦ 


inn 


Ultjfl + 


•up 


unt-pp. ♦ 


ufh 


(LnirwnJij ♦ 


u fV 


■WW 


£ 


jiufu ♦ 


U P3 


■WF "5 * 


*P> 


*l\nfiuuinu t 



WORD 

A. word is an articulate sonnd expressive 
of our ideas. 

Words in the Armenian language consist 
of eight parts of speech; Nouns, Pronouns, 
Verbs, Participles, Prepositions, Adverbs, 
Conjunctions, Interjections. 



NOUN 



A 



noun signifies some substance, or qua- 
lity, as, JiujinL) man. ^pkbp^ earth* l?y u > light. 
gup^uijnu[p-[tifu f kingdom. ^nn.fi 9 soul, spirit. 
uful € U) person. ffunL-P-fcuu, nature, ifying, mind, 
thought . piupl* , #ooc£ . njrnjrijfeli , handsome . 
4>uingp, sweet. t/h-& 9 great. 

In nouns six peculiarities are to be consi- 
dered : Gender, Form, Species or Kind, 
Number, Case, Declension. 



GENDER. 



In the Armenian language the genders 
are distinguished by their natural significa- 
tions, as 



MAS CULIffE . 

Infill/*, Adam . \\*ni/ut?u 9 Moses . <l|iri#7 w 
pnu, Peter, ^pfenp* Gregory. \\ lupt^ufu, 
Vardan, etc. 

<Z*jUjjp 9 father, t^uy^, brother. n$juuip , 
son, a male-child, tftlruujj, a husband, spouse. 
ii/uk-p, a father-in-law . ^t-n^ft, uncle, a mo- 
ther's brother. Jjfy>uj<$ujj[t, gossip, Godfather. 
ujjp, man, husband. SruitL.ujj, a man-servant. 
P-iutr.un-np or wmiujt, king . € uiufuiunutn , sa- 
trap, a peer . ge"-i_, a bull, t-qp, an ooc.^>u*q_, 
a he-goat, [my , ram, a male sheep . ynt-tupgufy, 
bullock, a young ox . L-qglrpnt-, a stag . uq±tu^ 

qujq_, COck, etc. 

^*intriuu, tribunal, q?p, soldiers. <££-&A-£f#/ w 
sj-nifuif-, cavalry, horse-troops, etc. 

FEMININE. 

1 Tn-iut, Eve. Y\wn-uj , Sarah. 11 tunptatp, 
Mary . £* n^^nfu or (* m^^ufiifs^ , Susanna . 
j] ujfiq r ni-.<^fc , Rose, etc. 

^ufufi , grandmother . *Tu{j(*> mother. jiypr> 
sister . ^uapuu, spouse , bride . ltffu , woman; 
wife. rj-nL-uwp, daughter, wfytk* S^» ma ^d . 
qrigu&£, mother-in-law . in^, son's wife, dau- 
ghter-in-law . ulih-unt-p , mother-in-law, hus- 
band } s mother • tfiigjuiJiyp , gossip , Godmo- 
ther. f-zfuy 9 wfcbtfb, P-uiq-n^ft, queen, prin- 
cess . opftnftr^, young girl, 'iiiud-ft^ui, utqiu^, 

frfa, servant-maid . %mj_, cow. tfflbfcj hei- 



i4 

fer 9 a young cow . Ju»g[i 9 ewe 9 female sheep, 
Jlu[f[i 9 hen . /rife, hind, etc. 

COMMON 

ll u #/j/ii£., man. "pi-fc > qtuL.tufi 9 child, wijwji 
infant. J-utn-ush^ 9 an heir . (3~nnfu, grandson, 
or grand- daughter . p^n^^nifu , bird . miv.ftL.&, 
lion 9 or lioness, finpftifu, a young beast. Stu^, 
chick 9 chicken. <£uil- , bird, fowl, n^fiimp, 
sheep, lup^nm-, cattle. uMquMiSuji , pigeon, dove. 
Sft, horse, inifu, dog, bitch, t^ft^p, charmer. 
Jlupt^iupi^, prophet, or prophetess , etc. 

NEUTER 

$ n*-p 9 water, or^, air. ^"^ earth . Jlup^ 
J}fu 9 body . t-p^ffkp. 9 heaven . ujju , light . 

h-iun-, tree. JMrn-g, hand. ning, foot, ^ntj-ft, 

soul , spirit. Jfcuip., mind, wnifu, house, m^, 
P^nn-, chair. %trufiq> 9 life. *Tum^, death. <£umJZ 
plrpnt-(d-[ti5*, patience . u/u[tpuiL.nL.p^jti3i , in- 
justice 9 etc. 

The genders are distinguished also in 
this manner : \* M jp Jluptf.iupl^, prophet, a 
male prophet, fifth Jlupi^iup^, prophetess 9 a fe- 
male prophet, ajfp Jlupq-, man, male, fiffu 
Juipr^, woman . Jiumiufi uin-[u-&, lioness, fe- 
male lion , a she-lion , tupm- tuquu?u[t , male 
pigeon . turj^hk m V!U > S^» &f ema fe child, etc. 

Some genders are indicated also by their 
terminations, as 



i5 

MAS CULINE. 



\\ nt l$ UJ Viil?u , John . m^nt-[[iufiiniM 9 Julian . 
| J3 ufuiuufinu , Aihanasius . [fcl?nr£nnnu 9 r rheo- 
dore 9 etc. 



FEMININE . 



S^nil^utVutii 9 Joan . ^mypidht? , Juliana . 
^ % J3-ufuuiu[nu 9 Athanasia . [<j\\t?nrj-nniu 9 Theo- 
dora, etc. 

\\ uj£/if-ni-<tfi , Rose . tp[nf?iL.<j[r, a priestess 
heathenish .^iu<$ufuujjni-<Z[i 9 a priestess. Jujp^ 

^.ujp^nu^ft , a prophetess . ^umnL.uj&nL.^^ 9 
Goddess . utpguJjnL-<£[i , [3-uj£f.nL,<^ft 9 uifijinL-<£[i , 

queen 9 princess . iffyiM/nu^f* , # she-martyr . 
I £*£nuuni-'<£[i 9 an Abbess . lj*///i£ii/£-fz/tt./i £-<££, 
Deaconess, etc. 

|] lupij-iuUnj^j VardJs daughter . \^iu<^iu^iu^ 

*bnj2_> Isaacs daughter, ^yjnupniffitf-ni-fuui 9 

Chosroes daughter, ^[alqi^nufum, Hormistus' 
daughter, etc. 

FORM. 

The forms of the nouns are three: sim- 
ple, as, Jiuptj-, man: Accompanied by a par- 
ticle before, as, mUtfiuptf., inhuman: Com- 
posed of entire words, as, Smp*fUM^g 9 human, 
kind • 

The different modes of producing com- 
pound epithets and words, are the trea- 
sure and ornament of the Armenian lan- 
guage; a thousand varieties of compounded 



i 



6 



words may be made in this tongue as may 
be perceived in the Armenian grammar pu- 
blished 181 5. 

w SPECIES or KIND. 

There are two kinds of words: Primi- 
tive, as, Juapij-t man: and Derivative or De- 
litted having at the termination a particle, 
as, illu[ii] r \m^u 9 human . 

The Derivatives are most abundant in 
the Armenian language. 

NUMBER. 

Numbers are two: Singular, as, Jlupr^, 
man: and Plural, as, Jiupq-^ or Jlupt^jili, 
men. 

The plural of some nouns is formed in 

a particular manner, as, %[&, woman, %um„ 

Isty^z , women. ^«Ap, convent, ijufunpiy^, 

ifufunftlnujjz or iJufiMlrpuij^> , convents m Mf-ftp or 

tbV4r> b 00 ^* ^-ptruA, books . JhiUnuli, child, 
boy, Jiuul^m[t, children, boys. 

The proper nouns are sometimes made 
plural with the particle fr«»V, as, i \^pt^np 9 
Gregory, ^pp^npt-uA^, Gregories. (>«^«^l 
5#4t"> John, i^ni^uAAfiulruJh^i Johns. 



\ 

a 



CASE. 

The cases in the Armenian language ac- 
cording to the modern authors are ten in 
number. 

1. Nominative, iflupff., the man. 

2. Genitive, t/iupq-nj, of the man. 

3. Dative, JiMjprj-nj or 9 fi Jlupn-, to the man. 
£. Accusative, aJlupni^ the man. 

5. Ablative, 9 ft Jluprj-nj^ from the man. 

6. Narrative, tjJtupn-nj, concerning the man. 

7. Instrumental, Jlupn-nu^ by means of man. 

8. Gircumdative, qjtuptfjn^j about the man. 

9. Gommorative, 9 ft Jhipr^ or \ft tIhjpij.nL.iF , 

in the man. 
10. Vocative, nij__ifiujtn\ 9 man! 

It is to be remarked in this declension 
that the second case is changed in the ter- 
mination. The third in the termination, and 
is then denominated the dative-declined-in- 
the-termination: and sometimes has before it 
a letter or preposition, and is then called 
the dative-with-the-preposition . The fourth 
case has before it the letter ^ , which is 
sometimes omitted or understood. The fifth 
case changes in the termination, and has 
the letter or preposition \ before it; or the 
letter j when followed by a vowel. The sixth 
case likewise changes in the termination, 
and has before it the letter ^. The seventh 
case changes in the termination. The eighth 
case also, and has before it the letter £. 



i8 

The ninth case has before it the letters ^ 
or j, and when changed in the termination 
has always before it the same letter or pre- 
position . The tenth case has before it the 
interjection « or ^ 5 but not always ex- 
pressed . 

According to the ancient authors the ca- 
ses are properly only six. 

1. Nominative. 

2. Genitive. 

3. Dative. 

4- Accusative. 

5. Ablative. 

6. Instrumental. 

And these will be followed in the present 
grammar. 



DECLENSION. 



G 



Concerning the number of declensions 
of the nouns the opinions of authors are va- 
rious: we will reckon ten dividing them into 
two classes according to the grammar pu- 
blished in 181 5. 

The lirst class contains six simple or re- 
gular declensions, and the second four mix- 
ed or irregular declensions : and they are 
distinguished from the second and sixth ca- 
ses in this manner. 



REGULAR DECLENSIONS. 





SINGULAR . 


PLURAL . 




Gen. 


Instr. 


Gen. 


Instr. 


1. 


h 


1,.. 


h> 


1w 


2. 


h 


UML. ♦ 


iug , 


UJL-£* or op 


5. 


y> 


nJ* 


ng, 


ni Lp ♦ 


4- 


ujU y 


UJiTfL ♦ 


uflin | 


uiJpji ♦ 


5. 


tlL. f 


#I£- ♦ 


o*_ 5 , 


/l^£ ♦ 


6. 


Irp y 


Irp£L or 


Irpg, 


£-/»££ or 




fr^, 


Irtjp. ♦ 


trqg t 


Irq&g ♦ 



IRREGULAR DECLENSIONS. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

<3e/z. Instr. Gen. Instr. 

1. £_#y , £_/#^ Or ^ r/// J > *- ni ljp. OY 

Itlul. ♦ IruJin , Itiijl.^pOV lro£>* 

2. nU y luifpi • Lihtq f ujifpp ♦ 

6. nP y tut- Or uJt/fL + uffjn ) mtffyz + 

4-. mum or ^"**v > uil. or £-#//*_ ♦ 

FIRST DECLENSION. 

SINGULAR. 

i. |\/!£«*y> the king, 
a. Wppuyt' > °f the king. 

3. X* m pp t yt' or J u, Pf^ t y 9 3 UJ P^ t y } to the king. 

4. dWw>theking. 



20 



5. j\\p£uyk> from the king. 

6. \\ppfiyt?*-9 with or by the king. 



PLURAL, 



i. \\pp*y>p$ the kings. 
2 - VVftr^A^ 1 °f the kings. 

3. YmPpuybs or j um U£ u u u * 3 uj pp t y u$ t0 ^ e 

kings. 
4« yWpptyuy the kings. 

5. J\* m pi±*ykg f from the kings . 

6. \\pi&**/("*p. 9 with or by the kings. 

It may be seen by this example that the 
letters f, «, j, form the plural ; but are not 
always signs of the plural in the termination 
of a word, as,^>wquq> 9 city. [ryu 9 light, ^wg> 
bread: which in the plural form ^luquifij*, ci- 
ties. [njug 9 the lights, ^wg&i the loaves. 

The third and fifth cases carry before 
them the letter;, when the noun begins with 
a vowel, and the letter '£, when the noun 
begins with a consonant. 

The cases are generally formed either by 
the addition of a vowel to the nominative, 
as, jLiun-, word, £*tun-ft, of the word. ifJrm y 
river , tjJrmnj 9 of the river . q^Jrum , coat , 
tjjjJruuini-) of the coat . ^p^iuui, Tiridates, 
Qptfuiinuy , of Tiridates: or by placing in 
the termination of a word the vowel of the 
last syllable, as, q-iuppffu , workman, ^^^[9 > 
of the workman: or by omitting a vowel of 
the last syllable, as, uunlriuu, tribunal, usmlr^ 
5f/r, of the tribunal: or by exchanging one 



21 

vowel for another, as, iqtupm^-q_ 9 garden, 
uiuj[iun[tq^i , of the garden. 

Some nouns have no singular, as, ipum-p, 

glory . piupg>, CUStOin. i£cf-nftjg 9 hell. fynt-fL^, 

idol, fylru/iig, life. Erpt-u^ 9 face. tuqo(3^z 9 
prayer , etc. 

And others no plural, as, jnju, hope. u^p 9 
affection , love . jimSu 9 sleep . t-p^p , earth . 
iuup 9 wool. fuiuuui[i 9 the dark 9 etc. 

SECOND DECLENSION. 

SINGULAR. 

i. \\tupif- 9 the order. 

2. \\wpf-p9 of the order. 

3. X^ptfc or 'fr k^Pt* iUnL k^Ut* t° the 

order. 
£. ijKyupt* the order. 
5- 'ft \\uMptfJ? 9 from the order. 
6. \\uifttj r iuL. 9 with or by the order. 

PLURAL. 

1. \\uMptf^ 9 the orders.* 

2. \^ut£ng.guj 9 of the orders. 

3. \\uip^.ujg or 9 fi liuiptf r u 9 to the orders. 

4- t iS\ tu V t t u > *he orders. 

5. } fi \\iupi[-uj£j 9 from the orders. 

6. X^tup^jut^p. or J^ujpf.qg 9 with or by the 

orders. 



22 

THIRD DECLENSION 

SINGULAR. 

i. |J\u£*^l, the man. 

a. jV**"£"y^ °f the man. 

3. W^wpty or ttu*pi£*"-iT ov f ft diupi£> to the 



man. 



4. '/^"'Ct 9 *' ie man - 

5. 9 ft Wvptj-nj, from the man. 

6. |P«7»f»^.» with or by the man. 



PLURAL. 



1. i]%p$#9 the men. 

2. |P«wf^«5? of the men. 

3. fl^wfr^iigf or 'ft JuMptj-u, to the men. 

£• iW^wpt"* ^ ie me °- 

5. '/i lP<"/'?-"5» from the men. 

6. \^wpft nt Lp9 with or by the men. 

FOURTH DECLENSION. 

SINGULAR. 

i. -iy/iSS, the foundation. 

2. Z^ftJufu, of the foundation. 

3. Z^ftJhfu or 'ft <Zft*ftr 9 to the foundation. 

4. qZ^fttffi, the foundation. 

5. '^ Z^ftJhfutj, from the foundation. 

6. Z^ftJluJpt with or by the foundation. 

PLURAL. 

1. ^ftifhi-%g, the foundations, 
a. ^ftdhfug, of the foundations. 



23 

5. Z^fcJiuUg or f /t ^(uftiduu, to the founda- 
tions. 
4- q^fcJnt&u, the foundations. 

5. 9 [t ^ftt/uAg, from the foundations. 

6. ^[tifiui/pg, with or by the foundations. 

FIFTH DECLENSION. 

SINGULAR. 

i^xu/iiS, the treasure. 

<|*u#S#J#f£-, of the treasure. 

<)Wi#I/j*. or ^ tf-ufiil, to the treasure. 

2^)*fiiSirJ, the treasure. 

'fi ^ufuZt?, from the treasure. 

<|*iiAJ/iJL, with or by the treasure. 



PLURAL. 

i. i^ti&Sg, the treasures. 

2. ^l^f^fJ/i^, of the treasures. 

5. i \+ufii£nL.ij or f jp tf-ufuSu 9 to the trea- 
sures. 

4-. j^J:vrfUF«j the treasures. 

5. y ff ^u&Sai-if, from the treasures. 

6. ^u/'ifj/i/^, with or by the treasures. 

SIXTH DECLENSION. 

SINGULAR. 

i. Y&Eb'-P * *^ e fountain. 

2. Ygplrp, of the fountain. 

3- F^Z^f or J u "lH:b'-C> to ^ ie fouotaiu* 

4« lS?£l&fc*i*> the fountain. 



24 

5« c/l^^r^ or j uM i£b g "pi'' fr° m the ^° un " 

tain . 
6. I^ggdfyp or utqgh-fiuiL., with or by the foun- 
tain . 

PLURAL. 

i. l 11 ^*"/^ or u*q&[it-pp 9 the fountains. 

2. I^g^p5 or ui qp.tr ping, of the fountains. 

3. 1\^%5 > tutipt-puMg Or juMtipirpu , jw^. 

pfit-pu, to the fountains. 

4. q\^ji^^p u or i£iuq?i[ii-iiu 9 the fountains. 

5* t/l^Sf^fSF or J UJr Hrt r C ul 3* f rom the foun- 
tains. 

6. l^gg^iw or it "lj^ r P utL ^9 with of by the 
fountains. 

SEVENTH DECLENSION 

SINGULAR. 

i. J^^A, the place. 

2. Qlrqi-nj, of the place. 

5. Qkquy OV uilrq^n^ OV '(* uilrrj[i , tO the 

place. 
4- tS^ll! 9 the pl ace - 

5. ^ S^lty or *b wkqi-ngk, from the place. 

6. §trqtrusi- 9 with or by the place. 

PLURAL. 

1. Skqftg^ the places. 

2. Qlnj&rujij, of the places. 

5. Qlrqlrujif OV 9 Jt Uilrii^u , tO the plaCCS. 

4- fjfilrq&i*, the places. 



25 



5. f fi $A^Jbugr, from the places. 

6. glrqkuiLtg Or inlrqlrcifi, With Or by the 

places. 

EIGHTH DECLENSION. 

SINGULAR. 

i. [\h-n5j, the burden. 

2. \\b-n-lfu, of the burden. 

3. \\trajfo or 9 p plnLSi, to the burden. 

4. £_(\fr#i5r, the burden. 

5. 'fi [Ktrn-ufuk, from the burden. 

6. \\h-n-tuJp, with or by the burden. 

PLURAL. 

1. [Klrn-fag, the burdens. 

2. [Vfr/LMifcrj, of the burdens. 

3. \\lrn-uMUtf or 9 fr /JmLffuu, to the burdens. 

4. i\\!m-[fuu 9 the burdens. 

5. ^ (\£-#t-o#^ 5 from the burdens. 

6. {\lnuiuJ(i£ 9 with or by the burdeus. 

NINTH DECLENSION. 

SINGULAR. 

i. \\l&, the woman or the wife. 

2. l]5#w^_, of the woman. 

3. l|Wp_or yi ^/& 5 to the woman. 
4- ?\l^> the woman. 

5. ^ (jin^, from the woman. 

6. \pituL. or //ufuujiffL, with or by the woman, 



PLURAL. 



i. X^ufuuyg, the women or the wives. 

2. X\ufuuMUtj, of the women. 

3. \]ufuufug or urn. fyufuuyu, to the women. 

4. q\\ufi*tyu 9 the women. 

5. f fi \\iu%ufitg ? from the women. 

6. \]ufuuitf£L{t 9 with or by the women. 

The following are declined in this manner. 
singular. 

1. c | v ^<-7_or ijJroq^^ the village. 

2. ( \^lrq£_ 9 of the village. 

3- c j*^z£_ or V^ th 1 -*!-.' to ^e village. 

4. 2*1 ^ML* ^ e village. 

5. f /r ( |^A-^t, from the village. 

6. ^[n-qp/L, with or by the village. 

PLURAL. 

1. ^["-q^, the villages. 



2. 



^["-qfig, of the villages. 
5. ^t'-lts or *A V-t"-V!* to *^ e villages. 

4. t c l^/ ,JL Cf* ^he villages. 

5. 9 fr ^ttL-qbs* from the villages. 

6. ^[n^qfrL^ or f^*-Z3£» w ith or by the 

villages. 



SINGULAR. 



1. *>>4/*, the Lord, the Master. 

a. ^IruinLL, of the lord. 

5. Qb-uiaSu or guikp* to the lord. 



2 7 

4- qj$kp , the lord. 

5. f /t ^UnunJiil? or f (i uitrtdul?, from the lord. 

6. $t-pu£jp 9 with or by the lord. 



PLURAL, 



1. §lrujpg 9 the Lords, the Masters. 

2. Qtrujptj or wh-pufutj, of the lords. 

3. Qlnuptj, inlrpufug OY tjuitriupu 9 to the lords. 

4. n^lnupu, the lords. 

5. '£ S^pg or 'A inh-puiiMEj> from the lords. 

6. $lr[tujJ(>£ 9 with or by the lords. 



SINGULAR 



1. JV^f or op, the day. 

2. |V/*£^, of the day. 

5. |V**£-£* or jtu^p or <y<Y#, to the day. 

5. jY*-pk or j°pk> from the day. 

6. JV-ff«^s 9 with or by the day. 



PLURAL. 



1. |V#7£_^ 5 the days. 

2. jV#i«-^»y 3 of the days. 

3. Y*-ni-pij or juiL-nt-.pu 9 to the days. 

4. ^]V/i£_^i/, the days. 

5. jYj-ni-pg, from the days. 

6. Yj-at-ppp, with or by the days. 

SINGULAR. 

1. Z^ujjp, the father. 

a. Z^Lu^p or -^o^, of the father. 

3. ^uiL.p 9 <$op or g^uyp, to the father. 



28 

5. f fi Z^uML-pl? or 'fa <$°pk> from the father. 

6. Z^uipfi, with or by the father. 



PLURAL. 



i. ^uipgf the fathers. 

2. ^wpg or ^lupufuij, of the fathers. 

5. ^utpif, ^iupuhtg or tj<$ut[tu, to the fathers. 

4. qZ^wpu, the fathers. 

5. !/» ^wpg or */r <$uipufug 9 from the fathers. 

6. ^tupfig, with or by the fathers. 

TENTH DECLENSION. 

SINGULAR. 

i. Sfeftufb, Tigranes. 

2. ^fepu&ty, of Tigranes. 

3. ^f-puAtiy or ^ St'W"*'* to Tigranes. 

4. 9J$f"£p a fi t > Tigranes. 

5. ^ ^fepufutuj, from Tigranes. 

6. Qfcu-pufousL., with or by Tigranes. 

V*' 

8 INGULAR. 

i. -Z^trqffol?, Helena. 

a. Z^trqlfulnuj 9 of Helena. 

3. ^Irqfalriuj OV tun- ^trqtfut?, to Helena. 

4 # qZ^trqJful?, Helena. 

5. f fr Z^h-qJfulruMj) from Helena. 

6. ^trqfihiwu-, with or by Helena. 



a 9 
ADJECTIVE 



A, 



lD Adjective is a word added to a Sub- 
stantive to express its quality. 

Adjectives in the Armenian language ad- 
mit besides the number or case the degrees 
of comparison. 

The Comparatives are formed in three 
modes; 1. with the particle f«/fc> as pwp(i, 

gOOa, niu phr el.fi fu y better, itup, bad, <uipuiE£.njU 9 

worse . (unqnt-iT, much, many, piuqJuMM^nfu , 
more . 2. with the prepositions +»&, t-*, m»*m„ 

**kjj as , tftr& , great, iflr& ^«& , JEr& L-u f tun^iu^ 

i-tr^t/IrS-, greater. 5. with different cases of 
the substantive, as, Jkr&'u JlupE^iupi^jiEj, grea- 
ter than all prophets . tlk-hfu 'ft Jgupt^iupi^u f 
greater amongst the prophets. 

The Superlatives are also formed in three 
manners: i. with the particles mty or mjyu, 
ffrf 5 ^h-> frpfc* or fc*- put before them, as, 

tutflriiuiptunh , best . iutflru[iifiuuuintJu , wisest . 
tjJrpuiJiup_ni-p , mOSt clean . ifkr&uiifujjlrinL.^ 

most convenient. Im-iuJIrh-, greatest. 2. by add- 
ing to them some adverbs, as, L-u Jhrh-uMt^nju 

Or JlrcruMn^njU Llu 9 greatest. J n /<J~ duJinfp-ujpiu^ 
f-nfb y UiU<^Uuipffij £LUP 9 WOrSt. uiiflAL-ftU *f-k^ 

lOzsbk* mos t handsome . Irptufu lrq^lr^ 9 most 
miserable. 3. by redoubling the positives, as, 

i/lrO'iUi/lr5~ 9 greatest .iu*ptii£iup OV^iup mrt.iUL.trf 

.gufu qzjLup, worst. 



3o 

MIDDLE NOUNS 

JL hose nouns are named middle or mixed, 
which are neither Substantives nor Pro- 
nouns, and are classed generally in English 
among the Adjectives. 

They are of live kinds: Numeral, Parti- 
tive, General, Interrogative, and Relative . 

THE NOUNS NUMERAL. 

The nouns numeral are of five kinds: Ab- 
solute, Cardinal, Separative, Distributive, 
and Replicative. 

ABS OLUTE. 

\Yfr or i/pii, Jht-, tnjj one. 

\^p^nt. 9 tWO. 

\fpkp. or J&-/L, lrpp 9 three. 
O/ypp ov £npu 9 four. 
^[tutf., Jive. 

\\^3> si*- 

\^L.p*u or Aro/3^#, seven. 

li L P** tight- 

\fifu 3 nine. 
Qtuuii, ten. 
]^trinuMuuA 9 eleven. 
\^±nl£nunuuufii 9 twelve. 
\f>ptr 4 g m inuMuufu , thirteen. 
O nplrpuiiuuLuii , fourteen. 
Z^urfJriniuuufu 9 fifteen. 
\\ hr^jpuMuufu, sixteen. 



3i 
y^L-fyuti-uiuitfu or h-t-[¥unL-uiiuuh 9 seventeen . 
^c(3-L.tmuuii or nt-{3~ni-uiuiuu 9 eighteen. 
yfifuti^uiiuuu or ffUjmi^inuiuii . nineteen. 
*l\uufb 9 twenty. 
<£\uu& h-ify, twenty one* 
y^pt-untJii, thirty • 
^\plrunL5£ L-trpfynL-, thirty two. 
*l\uitL.uiunL5i , forty. 
*(\u#/L.u#f//7£5r luh-pk-j*) forty three. 
VftumS*, fifty. 
{ )/ii/#i£.^ &-£i£g» 9 fifty four. 
|] uMJ2-uni?u, sixty. 
\^L.f3-iuuuiunifu , seventy. 
l\t-fluni/u 9 eighty* 
YfiftiujuSu, ninety* 
Y^MUumSj L- [tVii 9 ninety nine, 
Z^iupfit-p, hundred. 
Xj'pdftvb'-F* iwo hundred. 
\j k pkp$* u pfc t -p* three hundred. 
Qnptrp*yu§pfHLp 9 four hundred. 
^fAj^<^ui£/ftL.p 9 five hundred. 

\\ ^ r 3 < > aJ cb l ~C^ s **° hundred. 
\jm-P%<£uj£i{il.£i 9 seven hundred. 

[\ L -P~ < * UJ ph L -F 9 eight hundred. • 
\^LiU<^iupfiL.p 9 nine hundred, 
^^ujcjujn , thousand. 
f\'£-cjf or ppc-p, ten thousand. 



CARDINAL. 



fyffu y "iiuifub/t f first. 
X^pici't 9 second. 



32 

\?PP n Pt or fybp* third. 

* ^nppnpr^ Or £?ptp > jiuin-nptj- f fourth. 
^p*fr&'p'3p*[. 9 fifth. 
\\ lrgtrpnpr£. 9 sixth. 

\>i-P- e ulrpnpij : . 9 seventh. 

i\t-P-h-nn[tq- 9 eighth. 

\^Airpnn/jL 9 ninth. 
Qiuuiitrpnptf., tenth. 
<i\uuAt-[infi^ 9 twentieth. 

1 ^ph-uulrnnpt^ 9 thirtieth. 

*j}^iun-iuuii1rjinpij r9 fortieth. 

SXfiuuIrnnnrj-y fiftieth. 

\\ iu(3-uii[rnnpf£. 9 sixtieth. 
^y^uf^ufuiuuith'pnpij r9 seventieth. 
^L.[^uulrfinjtij r9 eightieth. 
\^fuuitlrpnprj r9 ninetieth. 

<Z*.tun[tt-nlrnnnn- OV <^iupfn-pnpij : . 9 hundredth. 

\fpV sr pb L -P* s 'C n P't> two hundredth. 

Z^tu qui pirn nnr^s thousandth. 

SEPARATIVE. 

\Yfnu/^ one 9 sole 9 only. 

\fp^lriu^ or trpfyujfy, two only , two. 

\i k PC^ rtu i9 three only 9 three. 

€ ^nphruilj or j>utn-t-uify 9 four only 9 four. 

^^sa-lnu^ 9 five only. five. 

^umuuItum^ 9 ten only 9 ten. 

\j>£-fi£ufiiuJtAlruj/{ 9 seventy only 9 seventy. 

-Zytupfti-plrusfy, hundred only 9 hundred. 



33 

DIS TIWBUTIVE. 
y^pfyngtrufu Or trpfyqpffii, both, the tWO. 

\^pkgtru& or k-ntrpffii, the three. 

iy \nplrp}ruMU OV fnphrgftU , the f OUT. 

A^t-P-ufulqjlrufu or Er^fl-u/ulrpfJi* , the seven. 

A\nl£ninuiuufutr£>lruiU OV Irn^nmujuuiulr^fpi, the 

twelve. 
\yft^uipuAjfp^p 9 both, one and the other. 

REPLICATIVE. 

\fpll l H luu1 bk or kcklf^i double ', two. 

1 ^ntrguiujuifcli | (rn-u/tifiu infcfy OF trntrgfyfiiif triple, 

treble, threefold. 

■ ) nnErpU£U*urfify , ^uinLiutifuiinfify OV ^pkfikfl^ f 

fourfold. 
Z^uqjuuiuM w[il£ 9 quintuple, fivefold. 
\^L.{¥ituiiuuM infill, sevenfold, 
^ujuhufuj infi^ tenfold. 
<^*um nfi i- nuMiuuj infill, hundredfold. 
+^ui qui niu mm in fify, thousandfold* 

THE NOUNS PARTITIVE. 

(JS5, ng, ftp, some, somebody, one, any, 

whosoever. 
|*3B, A^J_> a 9 one, some, certain, single, any. 
|P^#yZr«i/'S#j or fink-piug, of one, of the other. 
\\L.nui^u/ii^i-n or ufugufiL.n, each, every, any. 
|p/r£-f# or Jfit-u, other, another. 
X^jl^"^^ u yi_ n *f u > another. 
WjlI 1 ^ 9 "i/LfajL* another, different. 



34 

H^iLii nifu, another. 

\*t-nuigufu£[ii-[t ng 9 every one, 

\\t-puM£ufu£tii-fi ffu^j every or any thing. 

|JY Jfc, every, any. 

^\uAp ffiM^OY ^u/uft J]i t some, not many. 

THE NOUNS GENERAL. 

}^ilhfiiUMju or uiJ$ru, all, every, any. 
}^tftriilq>lruiU or tuJlAt^lfh, all, every one. 
iKn/np, all, whole, entire, total. 
^xmnphiph-ufu or pn[nptq^^u^ all, every one . 

all, whole, entire, total, complete. 
\*Jl/uujju ng, every one. 
\*Jl/uuifu (&t£ 9 every or any thing. 
l\p "-£> whoever, whosoever. 
jjji fti*^* whatsoever. 
I k- "-£> none, not one, not any, nobody. 
(U- t***L. or "L^t t***L.> nothing* not any thing. 

THE NOUNS INTERROGATIVE. 

(|° or nt£j who? which person? 
[Yp, who? which? 
\^^l^ 9 what? which? 
^\u/u/t, how much? how many? 
iY'L. n t i » " n 4>> "p op, whoever? who? 
[}/*/*#*>? l£** i l_b t *'L> whatever? what? 
\\p'Hb u b > il'^ g ^fib u b 9 what? which? 
[Xpgu***, np£uit{i y how much? how many? 



THE NOUNS RELATIVE. 

I 1 j uu it u b^ Ul ifi £u lt u b 9 $ uc h s like, same, si" 

milar, as, so. 
Wjq-^t" 1 ^ t?f u ' i i[" J [ r > s °9 as > like, similar. 
\\ji"q[>* J ['9 ^unfuuiftu^, so, as, as that, like 

that. 
\\jvp.* Jji u, uyUp.uA, so much, as many. 
I* 1 ju^unjt, unju£tuifi, so much, as many. 
\^tn^uSu, rj.nju^u/u, so many, so much. 
\\j i f-^ iit / i 9 t- n fb£ff"f , 9 s° many, so muck. 
y^jigpufu, %njug.ufu, so many, so much. 

Wifi'tOfl' 9 ^ t y*£ ajl i'9 s0 man X9 so much, so 
much as. 
All these middle nouns are declined under 
one of the ten declensions of uou s substan- 
tive, except nlR and ng, which are diffe- 
rently declined in the singular, but similarly 
in the plural dumber, as 

singular. 

1. [\*fi'9 one, some. (|^, one, any person. 

2. j|^#it-3£,of one. (ji-jin^, of any. 

3. [jt-fA-35, to one. \\t-t/kp, to any. 

4- dl 3 ^ one - ?(te> an J- 

5. j\\i-JlrZful?, from j{\ L -' f ke^9 from any. 

one. 

6. [\JiuJp, with or [\ifuiJp, with or by 

by one. any. 



PLURAL, 



i. Di/luty, some. 

2. Wjufug, of some. 

3. \\tfufhg Or jnJuHiu y gnifiuUu, to SOme. 

4. q\\tfiuuu, some. 

5. C /(J'^%» from some. 

6. [\tfiuJgg, with or by some. 

PRONOUN 

Jtronouus stand in place of nouns and, 
like them, have case, number, and particu- 
larly the first, second and third persons, as, 

tru, I. q.ttL., thou. *ltiu, he. 

In Armenian they have no genders. 

There are four kinds of pronouns: Sub- 
stantive or Personal, as, t-u, I . rj-m., thou. 
ffU^y he, himself. fat-p, own, himself. Defini- 
tive, as, uum 9 this (person or thing), fiu, that 
(person or thing). *uum, that, he, she, it. Pos- 
sessive, as, fttP or fcJytfi', my, mine. Jh-p or 
tHrpnjffu, our, ours, j±y ov ^njffii , thy, thine. 
Zh-f* or Hrftylfu, your, your s. pi-p qt ('L-puy*- 
(fit, his, hers, its . ftt-plru/ug , their, theirs. 
And Relative, as, np, who, which, that, what. 

The three letters », f,^, are called Arti- 
cles-distinctive-of-the-persons; and, joined 
to the terminations of words and verbs, shew 
their persons or order, and are used as pro- 
nouns personal, possessive, and definitive, as, 
tfuipif, I who am a man, or my man, or this 



3- 

man. diupq-^, thou who art a man, or thy man, 
of that man, Ju*prp*, he who is a man, or his 
man or that man. 

DECLENSIONS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
1. Person. 

SINGULAR. 

1. \?u 9 I 

i. ]**/% of me, mine or my. 
5. |^<?> gfru t wn- [iu > to me. 

5. J\^ul~u, from me. 

6. \^uL. 9 with or by me. 

PLURAL. 

u \\*lqi, we. 

2. IJ^f, of us, our or ours. 

4- dJ^fc us - 

5. 'A O^ from us. 

6. Ipi-^ or i/Zr^, with or by us. 

%. Person. 

SINGULAR. 
1 # i \^n^, thoil. 

2. *(V*, of thee, thine or thy* 

3. ^JV^jl* «ii/L^t^, j^t^i to thee. 
4- j£|Vi> thee. 

5. f /l <f\£fr, from thee. 

6. *\\L, with or by thee. 



38 

PLURAL, 

i. '^m^p* ye or you. 

2. ££Ay*, of you, your or your s. 

5. ^Jrij s^'U ""*- ^Hl» to you. 

4- d^t> y° u - 

5. '/r y,4^£, from you. 

6. y£^£ or Slrog, with or by you. 

3. Person. 
singular. 

i. }*'*{&*'> he or himself. 

2. \ifiigtrufia, of him or his. 

3. \i5iptrufb or am- Ifugii, to him. 
4* cJ^v^Fi him. 

5. jXfygllruk* from him. 

6. \^pb-uaJ^ y with or by him. 

P L U R A & . 

1. \Vhph-uAp, they or themselves. 

2. \fiMglru&g 9 of them, their or their's. 

3. \fupk-ufuij or tun- Ifugtrufuu, to them. 
4- q\^ip!tru6au f them. 

5. j\^ugfru/ug 9 from them. 

6. yhigh-iuifpLfi, with or by them. 

\fupu alone signifies he, she, but accom- 
panied by another pronoun signifies self, as, 
Iru tjiqjia, my self, i-nt- ffugUy thyself, 'uiu (fiq>u 9 
himself. 



SINGULAR. 
1. 

2. ]*i~p or (tt-pkufii, his. 

3. \**-p 9 fct-plrufu or a//x- fri-p , to him, to 

himself. 

5. j\**jidk* from him 5 from himself. 

6. \*t-(iL 9 ftL.jitruJL. or {ti~plruiJji> with or by 

him or himself. 

PLURAL. 

l. 

2. |*£^£ix/£rj, their, their's. 

5. \*t-ptruJbif, to them or to themselves. 

4- 

5. jX^-pk-ufutj , from them, from themselves. 

6. |^£-^£i#i^, withorbj them or themselves. 

Declension of Definitive Pronouns Personal. 
i. Person. 

SINGULAR. 

i. jjiif, this (person). 

2. |]#f£7u#, of this. 

3. IJJi/ or n##iu utuy to this. 
4- -jfj] «*#, this. 

5. Y» \]JuA^r 9 from this. 

6. |]n^u#f~, with or by this. 



io 

PLURAL. 

i. \)r>£ui 9 these (persons). 

2. |)'»5«"> of these. 

3. \ J "5"* or UMn - unuui, to these. 

4* 2_\J m/j:£# > these. 

5, 9 p \]ngufhl? 9 from these. 

6. \J^o/^ or «//^op, by or with these. 

2. Person. 
singular . 

i. # |*u#, that ( person ). 

2. '|*#yju# 5 of that. 

3. *■ \*tfiu or gf.ui, to that. 

4. {f|^v 9 that. 

5. 9 fi t\>Ju&k 9 from that. 

6. i \^ntluMi^ 9 by or with that. 

PLURAL. 

1. *\*r>pw, those ( persons ) . 

2. i \^ngui 9 of those. 

3. t^ntjiu Or ix##i- r^nuuiy tO those* 

4^ ^l^w* *#«*#, those. 

5. yt € \%imgufiilf 9 from those. 

6. # |^#^o#^ or ftigqg, by or with those. 

3. Person. 

SINGULAR. 

i. "j,**/, that ( person ) he, she. 
2. c ( l #Y»o/, of that. 



4j 



5. "jj^*" Vt gUuiy uin-*Uui> to that. 

4. ^ d*"? that. 

5. ^ ^\ 9 iHJuk, from that. 

6. ^y f ni[uju, by or with that. 



PLURAL 



1. "ij^*"* those. 

2. "jjfifffi/, of those. 

3. c | mnijui or w//L. %nuuM t fpjuuiu . to those. 

4. ^| f ««^ 5 those. 

5. '^ ^w^u/Hj from those. 

6. ^^/^o/^ or ^ng.^.9 by or with those. 

Declensions of Definitive Pronouns Adjective, 
1. Person. 

SINGULAR . 

1. l*^/"* this (person or thing ). 

2. |\ t /«/» or uMjunpfelt, of this. 

5. \\ r j u ^9 u y ui JI l fy or " / ' x - ^"j to this. 
4- iP*J** this. 

5. c /l\ 1 /"«/2tAt, from this. 

6. I^jiz/ji- or uyuni-fify, by or with this. 

PLURAL. 

1. I\j^ or uyungjifc these. 

2. f^j^j or ujjuntjfsl£, of these. 

o. I ^d u 3~ u fJ un 3bh ^ " //1 - ujjunujtl^^ to these. 

4 u"V/ WJf-r M» these. 

"*• c/l\c/ w 5 or J u u 3 a ^ u ^ '> f r ° 111 these. 

6. Y^jungp^p. or iujuiigftiip^^ by or with these. 

4 



42 

2. Person. 

SINGULAR, 

i. \\ji 9 that (person or thing ) . 

2. I^^f or uyi n pl?k> of that. 

3. l^^/f^** "ytrftk or ° /JX - ^f* ^° that. 

4- d\j¥-'» tbat " 

5. jYtJiJu&k* from that. 

6. |^j^.#i£_ or tyrj-nL.[tl£, by or with that. 

PLURAL. 

i. J^jt^ or iyif.ng[i% 9 those. 
2 - l\c/«f or "Wfatk* of those. 

3. J m j*£g9 u jj r h n 3bk or uin " t y r t nu tk^ to those. 

4. ?J\j1- nu ['k9 those. 

5* j\\j? 9 or J u U f t3 Ui ^^ from those* 
6/|\^5p*g/kg or uyT n 4tbi%g. > by or with 
those. 

5. Person. 

SINGULA R. 

i. Wjb, that (person or thing ) . 

2. j^^/^p or uMJunplili, of that. 

3. l\jrW% *y*"tf'k or Jam - "y^* to that. 
4- JFJ*, that. 

5. J^ m JtMJh!ulfy from that. 

6. l^jfcwjL. or tujunt-tili, by or with that. 

PLURAL. 

i . \\jbp. or iupsn^ft^^ those. 
2. f^/fcjf or ufpintj[n^ of those, 



43 

to those. 
4. ^ m j^ nu tk or vy*"*9 those. 
$• jV*J**3 or J u iP J 9 Ui ^ Lt ^^ from those. 
6. Y M Ji"i£b L :£ or '*y*"ip["%p. > by °^ with 

those. 

Other Definitive Pronouns Adjective. 
1. Person. 

SINGULAR. 

1. 1)^5, this same (person or thing). 

2. \\nftffii or unpnifu, of this same. 

3. \]c^i or a/fL i/^yif, to this same. 

4. q\)y^9 this same. 

5. ( 9 fr Wife or *jf *#iJJ88#) from this same. 

6. \]r"/ffb or un^[tJp 9 by or with this same . 

PLURAL. 

1. [)ykp or un^lfii, these same. 

2. \]"5^ 5 ungnifu or ungntSug, of these same. 

5. 11 ngjjh Or «!//*- unufjUs iuru uttiUu 9 to these 

same. * 

4. t i\Sifi" t 9 qunuffu, these same. 
5 ^ \^ngm5s^ 9 from these same. 

6. |J/#^/rf^?£ , ungfciffifi Or uttgni-JfLfi, DJ Or 

with these same. 



44 

2. Person. 



SINGULAR 



i. '^yb, that same ( person or thing) . 
2. # j^'Y , /S f or i^npnifu^ of that same. 
5. r f*i^ft or m#L f **/^, to that same. 
4- 251^^3 that same. 

5. ( p 'X^ift* or 9 fi fJJf^ ) from that same. 

6. *J^7## or ij r mJ[iJp 9 by or with that same. 



PLURAL. 



i. g \^y%p. or tj-ng[fu 9 those same. 

2. 'l^wi^rSf, t^ngntJu Or rj-ntjntlhg, Ol those Same. 

3. *Y*n*j[fi* Or oi/L q-nulfu, uhl. q.njUu , to those 

same. 
4* ^X^y*"* or tj^nuffu, those same. 

5. J /r # |^#j^wf_^ 9 from those same. 

6. '^nt/frJgp, tnp[u%lL Or q-nfinL-dfijZ) by Or 

with those same. 

3. Person. 

SINGULAR. 

1. "ji'yS'* that same (person or thing). 

2. y^nplfU ox'iinpnifu, of that same. 

3. *Y 9 Jj8i or iun^ g iMnfu 9 to that same. 

4. t l#?A> that same. 

5. (.'/r c [ f w/^ or J /r ^#ii^ ) from that same. 

6. ^\ 9 ni^is or € unij[iJpL 9 by or with that same. 



45 

PLURAL. 

i. *\ 9 nfiqi or 'ungtfu, those same. 

2. *[ f ig[f?'9 'ungntfu OV^ngntfug > of those Same. 
5. y^ngfiii or £ii/L € Unu[iU, tun- %npju^ tO those 

same. 
4- t L\^ r ifi iU °r ijunuffu* those same. 
5. ^ ^y^ngmfug,, from those same. 

with those same. 

The Definitive pronouns are accompanied 
sometimes with the pronoun lfk^u 9 self, as, 
uut fitipiM, this self-same, tj-ut ffugu, that self- 
same or himself. f*u* \fugu> that self-same or 
himself, uiju [fugis, this same. *""/" Ifkgu > 
same, that same. 

Or they are joined together, as, unfu uut, 
this same . f-yi* *£&> tlft* "Ut* that same, 
the same, himself. 

Declensions of Pronouns Possessive. 

The Possessive pronouns are formed of 
personal and definitive pronouns; the second 
case of these forms the first case of the pos- 
sessive. 

1. Person. 

SINGULAR. 

1. |wT, my (mine). 

2, |**/jy, of my. 



3. X*JhL.iT or u*n- friT, to my. 

4. 2.]**/% my. 

5. jj**/^ or jH^y, from my. 

6. ]w/™£, by or with my. 



PLURAL. 

1. ]*i£, my. 

2. | **/«#, of my. 

5. ]**/«#, «*"*- ^«/3r 5 to my. 

4. ^J*^, my. 

5. j\*Jng, from my. 

6. \\Jhilj>, by or with my. 

SINGULAR. 

1. lYty, our. 

2. [P&p^fj of our, our's. 

3. \ytrpnt-tT 9 to our. 

4. dr*P* our - 

5. 9 fi \YtyJ£ or 9 fi Jlrpy, from our. 

6- XYtyn^ by or with our. 

PLURAL. 

2. fp&p^jjfr of our. 
5. 1}^%*$* to our. 

4. ^D^V 5 our# 

5. r \* \Yty n g> fr° m our - 

6. XY&pnt[j>i by or with our. 



47 

2. Person. 

SINGULAR. 

i. *jVt, thy (thine). 

2. *f\*y> of thy. 

3. <\\y or ^>nt-iT, to thy. 

4- f*fU» thy. 

5. f fi *\\nt-i/l/£ or '^ ^y, from thy. 

6. *|V*£ S by or with thy. 

PLURAL. 

2. *j\*gr, of thy. 

3. *(V*j or f fi 4>yu, to thy. 

4. *£\\yu, thy. 

5. f /i *fV»j, from thy. 

6. *(\"^£, by or with thy. 

SINGULAR . 

*• Qh> y° ur - 

a. Qtyy, of your, your's. 
3. QtrpniaT, to your. 

4- ^fy* y our - 

5. 9 fi QypJk ° r ^ Ztyy* fr° m your. 

6. Qfrpnib by or with your. 

PLURAL. 

i. C£%>,your. 

2. Qt-iing, of your- 

3. Qtrpng, to your. 
4- i^ify", your. 

5. */l QLrpntj, from your. 

6. Qt-pmlg, ^y or with your. 



48 

5. Person, 



singular. 



i. \*t-p\ his or her. 

2. ]fc*_£7ry s of his. 

3. jw^im-*/*, to his. 

5- jl^/* 1 ^ or jb'-CIJ' from his. 
6. \*t-pm[_ 9 by or with his. 



PLURAL, 



i. !**-/*£> his. 
2. | ii-jjnij, of his. 
5. |*£-£i«/f, to his. 

4. ^l^£-£#i/ 5 his. 

5. jX^t-pngi from his. 

6. \^L.pni[^ 9 by or with his. 

From the genitives of these are formed 
other possessives with a particle (ft; they have 
the same signification, but are declined with 
prepositions, and are these: fctlnjlfu) my, 
mine, jiylfb, thy, thine. tK?pnjtfu 9 our. Ih-pnj^ 
ffu 9 your, ftufinjffii , his or her own. 

The same possessives are formed also in 
this manner: [iJlujlfu, my, mine, tflrpiujlfu, 

Our. IhrpiujffU) your. ftt-pujjf^f , his. [ii-plrufu^ 

guylfu, theirx and these are declined. 



49 

Declensions of Possesswes derived from 
the Definitives. 

l. Person. 

singular . 

i. |j/7£?ci/j his or her. 
2. X)"F*yy9 of his. 

5. \^nfTiiUjni-iP , tO hlS. 

4. 
5. 

6. \\ n puy ni L_> by or with his. 

PLURAL. 

i. |J"/"*y^* his or her. 

2. l| w /»«^/y Or unniujnif, OI hlS. 

3. ^"puyg Or unnuijntj, to his. 

*• ^ut^/"' his. 

5. ^ |]/i^«ii/fry, from his. 

6. |J^«^#f^p, by or with his. 

SINGULAR, 

i. |J«5m# 5 their. 

2. |j"^^y 5 of their. 

3. |)/jrj*^#n_i/% to their. 

4- 

5. 

6. j)^'^"^* by or with their. 

PLURAL. 

2. \} n g*yg or ungtyng, of their. 



5o 

3. \\ n 3*ys or unguyng, to their. 

4. q\) a g'y u 9 their. 

5. 9 fi Wngtyg* from their. 

6. l)^*^"^* by 0;r with their. 

2. Person. 

SINGULAR. 

1. '1**7"^, his or her. 
a. 'X^ifyy? of his. 
3. r |^#Yfi^#»«-#/% to his. 

4- 
5. 
6. *\*npuynilj by or with his. 

PLURAL. 

1. ')*"/"^£, his or her. 

2. ^X^npuyg Or t^npuijng^ 01 his. 

3. '| lk#J / ffi !*/,#* t n P u (J n 3 OV f ft n-nnuiju, tO hlS. 

4. f^\^ n p i y u 9 his. 

5. ^ 'l*"/ 1 ^ 1 ^ from his. 

6. 'X^npuynilg* ^y or with his. 

SINGULAR. 

1. *\*nguj 9 their. 

2. r J^^«^2A 5 of their. 

3. i \^ngtynL.J % , to their. 

5. 

6. 'J^n^uy/i^_, by or with their. 



PLURAL. 

i. ^nguyji, their. 

2. i \* n g u yg or t n 3*y n g> °f their. 

3. t \^ngiyng Or '/r rj-nguyu , to their. 

4- 'z51^' J !5 Ii 5y i/ » their. 

5. 9 fi 'X*nguy n 3 9 from their. 

6. *X*n*juynilg 9 by or with their. 

3. Person. 



SINGULAR. 



l. *y 9 npui 9 his or her. 

a. X^npuMjnj 5 OI hlS. 
3. L/i/iim/iLiT, to his. 

4- 
5. 
6. *[j n ['uy ni l_> by or with his. 



PLURAL, 



i. C | f #i^ii^r^ 5 his or her. 

2. X.tinujjq OF l/nniujntj, OI hlS. 

3. [u n ["y39 *** n Pmi n B or ^ ^ £n c t y u !> ^° his. 
4- tli"/"^"' his. 

5. Y» ^Iwyg* from his. 
6*[ 9 "["y"l£, by or with his. 

SINGUL AR . 

i. '(jo^uf, their. 

2. y f ngujjnj 9 of their. 

3. ^y 9 ngujjm-iT , to their. 

4« 

5. 

6. *Y f nguyntl^, by or with their. 



52 

PLURAL. 

i. *\ 9 "ff*yLg, their. 
2. ^Ymrigiyg ^ v ^ Un g u (j n g^ of their. 
5. ^{^g^^g or 'fc 'i'ngu'jui to their* 
4-. i_\% n g u ii u ^ their. 

5. 'fr *[ 9 ngtyng 9 from their. 

6. ^[ f n g i y ne l^i by or with their. 

Declension of the Pronoun Relative. 

SINGULAR. 

i. JIji or #*, who, which, what, that. 
2. [|/***/, whose, of which. 

5. [\pnL-tP or «//!- ^ to whom, to which. 
4 tllr* wbom. 

^- jl\l"^ ov J n py> from whom, from which. 

6. (|f»^3 with or by whom or which. 

PLURAL. 

i. l\pg, who, which, what, that. 
2. \\["'g> whose, of which. 
5. ()^"5 or iun- npu, to which. 

4. ^_n^3 which. 

5. j[\["*g> from which. 

6. [\p"i[*g, bj or with which. 

VERB 

A he verb signifies to be, to do, or to suf- 
fer with tense, number and person. 

Five properties belong to the verb. Kind, 



53 

Tense or Time, Number, Person and Con- 
jugation. 

KIND. 

There are four kinds of verbs: Substan- 
tive, Active, Passive, and Neutral. 

The first denotes existence, as, InF, I am. 
tf-ntT, I do exist. The second action, as, wn..^ 
'hLnT, I do, I make. The third sufferance, as, 
lunJuptT, I am done or made. The fourth the 
action subsisting in itself, as, uj^muifiiFy I 
labour. iffuusiTy I go. 

There is also another kind called Com- 
mon, which signifies the action as well as 
the sufferauce, m^qjmn[ttF 9 I judge, and / 
am judged. 

TENSE. 

There are three tenses of the verb: the 
Present, as, %-ptnF, I write. Past, as, f^ki 
gft, I wrote: and Future, as, fjp^pji I shall 
write. 

The past is either Imperfect, as, ttkfi, I 
was writing, or Perfect, as, ^h-gji , I wrote. 

The ancient grammarians add two other 
perfect tenses: the Preter-perfect, as, if-plnu^ 
trtP, I have written, and the Preter-plu-per- 
iect, as, f-p^^i^h-p > I had written: but these 
tenses do not necessarily belong to the Ar- 
menian language. 



54 

NUMBER. 

The verb has two numbers: Singular, as, 
y-pk-iT, I write, and Plural, as, Kj-ph-Jfe , we 
write. 

PERSON. 

The persons are three: First, as, t^phnP^ 
I write. Second, as, ^.pt-u , thou writest. and 
Third, as, ^ph* he writes. 

CONJUGATION. 

The variation of a verb in it's tenses, 
numbers, and persons is called conjugation. 

Conjugation is either Regular or Irregular. 

Regular conjugation changes regularly in 
the termination of the verb without any 
omission. 

The irregular conjugation wants some 
tense or mood, and is called Defective; or 
in some tense or mood deviates from the 
rule, and is called Devious; or wants the first 
and second person, and is called Impersonal 

MOODS OF THE VERB. 

The manner of signifying some action is 
called the Mood- There are four in the re- 
gular verbs: Indicative, Imperative, Sub- 
junctive and Infinitive. 

When the verb indicates some action, af- 
firming it simply, it is called the indicative, 



55 

as, frptriT, I write. ^.ph-gfi^ I wrote* ip^g^gy 
I shall write . 

When it commands or prohibits, it is call- 
ed imperative, as, t^ph-ui , write thou or do 
thou write. JJi %-php > do thou write not. 

When it expresses a suspended action, or 
dependent upon another verb to complete 
the sense, it is called subjunctive, as, Hr[^h 
tj-pfrgtrtTy if I write. 

When one action is denoted without tense, 
number or person, the mood is called infi- 
nitive, as, tp^i_y to write. 

The indicative has three tenses, with per- 
sons and numbers. The imperative has two 
tenses: present, and future; it has two num- 
bers, but in the singular has no first person, 
because he who speaks does not command 
himself. However in the plural there is a 
first person, because other persons are ad- 
dressed and commanded. 

The subjunctive has the numbers, and 
persons perfect: but in the tenses has only 
the present, and the future, because the Ar- 
menian language has not properly the past 
tense of subjunctive. 

The infinitive has neither tense, number, 
nor person: whence it is used as a noun, and 
declined in the singular, and is then called 
the Gerund. 



56 

Example, 

% 

SINGULAR . 

i. ^X^pt-ij* to write. 

2. ^p^j^ of writing. 

3. ^p^j or J ft %-[!&■[_, to writing. 

£• V^^P^L 9 ^ e w "ting. 

5. 9 fi ^pk/nj, from writing. 

6. i \ lL pt'i^4j W1 th or by writing, writing. 

The Conjugations of the verbs are four, 
and are distinguished by the last vowels of 
their indicatives, which are, fr, •», «*-, £. 

The indicative of the first conjugation 
ends with the vowel fr, as, luipJ-^tPj I move; 
of the second with «♦, as, fn^iuumiPy I wash; 
of the third with «*-, as, <Zh-q»±iP> I pour 
out; of the fourth with £, as, m-uuAfrJ*, I 
learn. 

Every conjugation although different in 
its moods, tenses , numbers and persons, 
preserves the first syllable of it's indicative, 
excepting such verbs as are Devious. 

Every person and tense of the verb end- 
ing in + or % 9 is plural. * is the sign of the 
first and second person, and% of the third; 
provided only that % be not the article dis- 
tinctive of the person, because it then would 
be singular. 

Every verb which terminates in S 9 is in 
the first person; in » 9 is in the second per- 
son,*-- verbs ending in (r or j, are in the first 



h 

or second person; verbs ending in fc, «#*-, ««-, 
mj or mU, in the third person; and those ter- 
minating in . j», are in the second and third 
person. 

In every conjugation the future of the in- 
dicative is formed by adding the letter j to 
the perfect, as, ^lu^J-t-gft , I moved, £iupcHr„ 
sts* I sihaB move, ^naugft, I washed, [hl.um^ 
g fag* I -shall wash, ^trqfr, I poured out, <^t-qpj > 
I shall pour out. nt^uiuj, I learned, nuuuijg, I 
shall learn. 

PARTICIPLE 

JL he participle is formed by adding to 
the termination of the verb the particles «^ 
or 0*1 (sign of the present), fr«^( sign of the 
past) , g» 9 or jjr (sign of the future). 

As a verb it has tense, and as a noun, 
cases and numbers. 

Example. 

PRESENT. 

Singular. 

1. { \^pnq_ or t^poq^, he who writes, or is 

writing. 

2. ^pnqji, of him who writes. 

3. ^pnqfi or lueu. i^pntfu, to him who writes. 

4. ^I^Ij him who writes. 

5 



58 

5. 9 /t ^pnqky from him who writes. 

6. ^pnqun-y by or with him who writes. 

Plural. 

i. i lv ,f, fc£* those who write, or who are 

writing. 
2. *|*/""25"j» of those who write. 
5. *j*/"*2!u/jr or usfL. ^pnqu, to those who 

write. 
f v . ^1 Y"^, those who write. 

5. ^ c |^«c%, from those who write. 

6. <|Y#j#jfH£-£ or f/""£3£»j by or with those 

who write. 

PAST. 

Singular. 

i. ^yv£w£j written or wrote. 

2. ')y£-£*y, of written. 

3. c |^i£^i or o##i- t^plrgujh^ to written. 
4- q^\^pirtu/h 9 written. 

5 ^ c )*/»£-£g/, from written. 

6 9 ^|>/»^/«^, by or with written. 

Plural. 

i, *}*g»£-fU££, written or wrote. . 

2 e ^|Y^£S5f» °f written. 

5. *X*jiMt29 or ^^ ^pbujfu, to written. 

4» £ c |y £■«#£#, written. 

5. \ft Spiring, from written. 

6. c | *£»£-£*££», by or with written. 



*9 

FUTURE. 

The future ending in y»j, is declined only 
with prepositions, as, 

Singular. 

i. c |y^5 3 to ^ e written. 

5. ^ ( )^^^^ 5 to that to be written. 

4. ^J*/ 7 ^?*? 5 to ^ e written. 

Plural. 

1. c |y^"^^' t0 ^ e written. 

5. ^ ^[ilr^iigu, to that to be written. 
4- ^Iy^Z^"' to ^ e written. 

The future terminated in ^(r, is declined 
thus, 

Singular. 

1. c ) */*£"{£» to be written. 

2. ^p/r^nj, of that to be written. 

3. ^pbii-nj or tun- tj-ptrjji , to that to be 

written. 

4. ^Iy^zA? to t> e written. 

5. 9 fi ^ptrjrL.nj, from that to be written. 

6. ^plrftrujL-, by or with that to be written . 

Plural. 

1. c )y^y/*£5 to be written. 

2. ^j^£-^£r#i/^, of that to be written. 

3. ^ph-i^ujg or ^t ifftr^u, to that to be 

written. 

4. ^Iy^"' t0 be .written; 



6o 

5. f fi i \^plr£&ujg 9 from that to be written. 

6. ^[it'i^'uiL^t or fptrilrqp, by or with that 

to be written. 

Specimen of the four conjugations of the verbs 

regular with their moods , tenses 9 numbers 

and persons . 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 
Sing. Pers. Plur. Pers. 

1 . QLupJ-—kifc-ku—k ♦ ktfg—lj£—k% * 

2* \nL.UMls—UMtfc-tUU--UMJ+ tUlfp—Uttp — u/b * 

0* £tfrt--ni-tjF-nt-u—ni. • nt-tfp—njn—nL.'b ♦ 

Imperfect. 

l. QuapJ- ^kfc-kfo-kp • kutg-kkg-kfi" 

%• \nt~ufh--ujj[i—uiji[ip—u*jn • tJ £J u ig-~ iJ !ylip—'"j['b • 

3» £irq-~nL.(i—nt-itn—njn • nt-uiB—nt-[in—nL.[ih * 

4* [\<-uu/it-kli-kbl l -kp * kiig-kbg-klfi* ♦ 

2» \ni-iu- 3 \t- 3 h[,-ini,iug . 3"i^~3bf-3P t * 

4» fl*-'*— ***/— «*/»— w *- • uju—uui^—utli • 

•Future. 

2 ♦ \ni~ui—upu—utaku—utjk * ' uqnt-p--u£[tn--isqlrlb • 

3. V''Zrfc7~«? / '"-.?£ * 3»^-£t4i-3^ • 

4-* ^ u -"33-3t u "3b * 3"hp-2bg-3P t • 



IMPERATIVE. 



1 • '£utpd-huj t Jfi £iund-I;n • 
QupJ-kugl;, Jti futpdhugl;* 



2* \n, 



Jf! gm 



nt-tuump 






Present. 

guMpMgfig * tip z^f^k^ • 

^ujpd^ujlr%, Jfi fiupj-ljriinf/li. 
Inuusgl^g | lift nit-utUuiio • 
\nt-iunglrh , tip inuuiugtAi . 

^hngWli , Jf,' ^hi^l/lt . 
f\L.uujpnt-£> , Jp m-uufbfcD ♦ 



Future. 

1* QtupJ-h u£[ip or £UJp<J-bu^ QujpctlfUjnL-g , £uipdh u^lg i 

qtru , £iund-hiigl? * £ujpcl-kugtr% ♦ 

2* \nt-uiu2flp Or £ncujujtru , \nL.uintjnL i f> f £nt-uju£[if> , 

^ncuiu^ ♦ inL.tuutjtt'h • 



J*'« 



air// ♦ 



4* [\t-u^[ip or mJUU*hfif$n t fi f -" # 9 / ''s£ i nK -"£li§l or HM-itu*^ 
SUBJUNCTIVE. 

The present is formed like that of indicative. 

Future. 

2 ♦ \nuiult—utiqt:iP-UJjqb-u—iujq^ • uiiqhifh—UJiql^p—iujqKU ♦ 

5» £kqj—nL-qn£-t/^-nt-qni-u<—ni-qnt-» nt-qnt-ifh^nt-qnt-p—nt-qtit-Jt. 

4* fi*-"«*'i'-fe{»i : -tjt u -h& • hb'Q-hkp-fot''*' • 



INFINITIVE, 



l ♦ '£u>p<3-—ku> 

2* 1* 



nt-ujli—uuf ♦ 



3* ^hq--ni-£_* 

4> f|f.«ii/?i-^ or £/_♦ 



b2 

PARTICIPIE. 

Present. 

^tunij-nn OF "£uincrktinn« \nt-tuann. Zfinnn » ftuuurtmn * 

Past. 
Future. 

£*upd-k[iitj or Q»p<Ht[b • 1 nt-ufhut[nij OV \nL.ufliui[ft . 
ZykqUiij Or ^t^ftl* • {[i-uu/lih^n^ or {\uuiuttk[j? c 

CONJUGATION OF SUBSTANTIVE VERBS 

Defective verb \j*$ 3 I dm. 

indicative. 

Present. 

\j>*r> I am. k-u, thou art. k> he is. 
l/^£> we are. 4^, ye are. t-%, they are. 

Imperfect. 

| *^ 3 I was. 4/x*> thou wast. £/»> he was. 
]* u/£, we were. £$£, ye were, kffu, they 
were. 

IMPERATIVE. 

\?p> he thou or do thou be. 

| \ip or h-pni^y be ye or do ye be. 






63 

S UBJUNCT1VE . 

\\glnF, I be. [tglru, thou be. fak* lie be. 
ItyMl^ we be. hk&> ye be. /^frfr, they be. 

INFINITIVE. 

\? L , to be. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Past. 
!/"7_> been or having been. 

Future. 

\^l"3i which is to be, or about to be. 

Comparing this verb with the verb ^ui^ 
^h-^ to move, of the hrst conjugation, it is 
clearly seen* that its conjugation is the basis 
of the latter. 

Defective verb { \*»f 9 I am or / exist. 

INDICATIVE . 

Present. 

*)*«*/% I am. tj-nu, thou art. i^nj, he is. 
c J*/i£i£, we are. q-y^* ye are. q-nu 9 they are. 

Imperfect. 

^Iltc* th ou wast, typ* he was. 
i \*vfi i > they were. 



64 

SUBJUNCTIVE* 

Future. 

*\*ni-ijl? 9 he be, it may be, it would be. 
i^at-g/ru, they be, they may be. 

INFINITIVE. 
PARTICIPLE. 

Present. 

^11 n U being. 

The deficiencies of this verb are supplied 
by the means of the other substantive verbs. 

The word ^J»V is used sometimes as a sub- 
stantive verb, as, if(g [aP ufjp> I have no hus- 
band, or J am without a husband, or I am not 
married . nuutrutf^ puiut- ^/{g 9 he has never 
learned. 

Substantive verb }/<£*♦!♦£/, lam made or done. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present 

|jV£wA^*/% I am made . IrquAJiu, thou art 

made, /r^*//^, he is made. 
\j»1**fi»l*tfgL 9 we are made. h-quAfe ? ye are 

made, trqufuftu, they are made. 



Imperfect. 

]\qu/ijt?[i 9 I was made. bqufukfo, thou wast 

made. t-quA^, he was made. 
\\qui € uljuig, we were made. trqufhl?fey 9 ye 

were made. trquA^-ph f they were made. 

Perfect. 

\pqk or Irquy , I have been, t-qh-p^ thou 

hast been. &-qL 9 he has been. 
\?quq> or t-qtruig, we have been. £^^ or 

trquy^, ve have been . trq&ru, they have 

been. 

Future. 

X^qkg* I shall be. t-qPg[iu 9 thou shalt be. 
lrq[itj[i, he shall be. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Preset. 

|JY( trqufulifi, be thou not. Irqfrijti, let him be. 
\^q}rpn i -ji> be ye. *$» Ar^A^, be ye not. 
h-qfctjfiiii let them be. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

The present is formed like that of the In- 
dicative. 

Future. 

\^qf'3t'J % or t-qu/u/tgftiP 9 I shall be made. 

^itab"* thou shalt be made, trqbab^ ' le 
shall be made. 



66 
\j>lbgt*iJ{i or trqufii[tgltJ^ 9 we shall be made. 
^itst-P* J e sh 3 ^ ^ e made, k-qftgffu, they 
shall be made. 

infinitive . 

\?q**&[*i_, to be, to be made, to be done. 

PARTICIPLE . 

Past. 
\j>ql'-u'i l been, made, done, having been. 

Future, 
X^qMbking or h-quiiihrilt, which is to be. 

Substantive verb | fty«f, / am , I am made 
or done. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

| ASf/uT, I arp. itfbtiu, thou art. i^uft 9 he is. 
] fapJp , we are . £^/s£ , ye are . [fitf^ 9 

they are. 

Imperfect. 

| /£&£/£, I was . [tfukfrp* thou wast . ifakp 9 

he was. 
| thkutp.9 we were, {fakfe, ye were. it*uk~ 
^t*u 9 they were. 



Future. 



| figf/iT, I shall be. ibgb"* thou shalt be. [b„ 

gb> he shall be. 
] figm-g, we shall be. ibgb^ or [b£bg 9 je shall 
be. ibg[fb 9 they shall be. 

IMPERATI VE. 

Present. 

| trp 9 be thou, i^ [fobp* be thou not. ^/^ 

let him be. 
| A/> or ikpAi-g, be ye. i$ [fafe., be ye not. 

ifrgljfU) let them be. 

Future. 

\ bgb'p or [fofrpHe or ^, be thou . jgg/f, 

let him be. 
1 bd"^ ^ et us be. tbptfp or f^[0g 9 be ye. 

lbgl&, let them be. 

SUB JUNCTIVE. 

Present is like that of the Indicative. 
Future. 
| f&Jhffiir, I be or may be. tfafrgb u > thou be. 

1 b^bab^ we be - ifobabe* y e *>e. ifahF*'* 

they be. 

znfiniti ve . 
| -jfHrtj to be. 



68 

PARTICIPLE e 

Present. 
| t&nq_> being. 

Past. 
[ /tuj/^ov ifil-uji_, been, having been, 

Future. 

| fairing QT [(fulr[]t 9 whldl IS to be. 

FIRST CONJUGATION. 
Active (** *•$ ^\j> To move. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

(* uiftJ-h-iT, I move, ^tupd-lru, thou movest. 

^uMftJ~k, he moves. 
(* tupJ-n-tfp, we move. ^uptf^ 9 ye move. 

^uipJ-lru, they move. 

Imperfect. 

(* tupj-ty, I moved o^ was moving. £f"/*w 
<±kbp> thou movedst or wast moving. £5*7^ 
cf4/^ 9 he moved or was moving. 

(* tupJ-tjiu£, we moved or were moving . 
ZtupJ-kfai, ye moved or were moving. 25"/*- 
d-kfib* they moved or were moving. 



Perfect. 

(* uip<3-h-rjfi 3 I moved, ^uipJ-t-gt-p, thou mo- 

vedst. zujpJ-lrujg, he moved. 
(* iup<i-trgu3£, we moved. z±?C^db£> J e in ov- 

ed. ziJupcLlrgpij , they moved. 

As we have remarked above, the Preter- 
perfect, and Preter-plu-perfect are not pro- 
perly formed in the Armeuian language, be- 
cause when the necessity occurs, they are 
accustomed to join the participle to the other 
tenses of the verb substantive. 

Future. 

(^ gMpfHrtjftg , I shall move. ^tupJ-irugtru 9 thou 

shalt move. ^iapJ-lrug^ } he shall move, 

(^ iup<Hrugni-fi , we shall move, ^uipJ-lru^p, 

ye shall move. ^tupJ-t-ugt-% 9 they shall move. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Present. 

(* ujpJ-Irul, move thou. JJl ^tupcf-lrp, move 

thou not. ^iup^trugl~ 9 let him move. 
(^ tupcf-trgfyy, move ye . il# £uip<±kg , move 
ye not. ^lupJ-lruglru , let them move. 
The negative particle i/p, not, is also pla- 
ced with the third person of the present, and 
before all the persons of the future in every 
conjugation. 



7° 



Future, 



(* uapd-tru^g OV ^ujpJ-lruijlru, move tllOU . 

JujpcHrvgl?, let him move. 

(* lupcf-HrujnL.^ 9 let US mOVC £iupicHru2[{£> ■ 

move ye. zutftJ-k-ugtru, let them move. 

SUBJUNCTIVE . 

The present is like that of the Indicative. 
Future. 

(* ujp^ftglrir ', I move, I may, might, could, 

should, would move. 2f^icA^rj4-«#, thou move, 

etc. i^p^tgh'9 he move, etc. 
(* ujp^ltglrJ^, we move, efc. ^p^gkp 9 ye 

move, efc. ^uipJ-^t-'L i, they move, e£c. 

The future of the indicative, of the impe- 
rative, and of the subjunctive from their af- 
finity are adopted by turns in all the four 
conjugations. 

INF IN1TIVE . 

(* u*pJ-lrij to move. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Present. 

(* iupJ-nq^OV^ujpJ-t'gnqj moving, who mOVCS. 

Past. 

(^ ujpdh^uj^OV ^utpd-lrglrtiM^j having moved . 



7* 

Future. 

(* tupJ-lrintj, which has to move. 

iVll the verbs active and neuter-active, 
which in the first person of the perfect end 
in frjjr or m$ 9 are thus conjugated; and also 
the verbs Transitive ending in »*-$. 

Passive (^ wf^p To be moved. 

The Passive of the first conjugation is 
formed by changing the fc in the last sellable 
of the Active into £; the *fc into j*#;; the fo 
into mj$: besides a few other variations. 

1ND1C ATIVE. 

Present. 

P tupd-friT ', I am moved. ^uj[id-[iu 9 thou art 

moved. ^pJ-p 9 he is moved. 
(* uj[icL[it/p 9 we are moved. z^V^t^ J e are 

moved. ziupJ-ffii, they are moved. 

Imperfect. 

(* fff|»cf£/!r, I was moved . fuMpJ-kjtp, thou 
wast moved. i^pJ-kp or guipd-fri-p, he was 
moved. 

(^ iupJ-tfuig, we were moved. zu*[i<£ktip* ye 
were moved. zuip<H?tfu , they were moved. 



7 2 

Perfect. 

^uMpJ-lrgujj, I have been Inoved. ^iupd-lr^ 

gujpy thou hast been moved, ^uipJ-trgui^, 

he has been moved. 
(* tujtJ-trtjuMjz^ we have been moved. ^uipJ-lr^ 

g*y4>> ye have been moved. zuipcLlrtjiuu , 

they have been moved. 

Future. 

f? uijiiHrijiujtj) I shall be moved . ^tu^J-t-ug[iu 9 

thou shalt be moved, ^aipd-trui/fr, he shall 

be moved. 
f* ujpj-lrugnt^, we shall be moved, ^p^b^ 

2bg.* ye shall be moved. zutpJ-h-uglfu, they 

shall be moved. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Preset. 

(* tupJ-lrulig or ^pd-t-gbp^ be thou moved. 

3^ Z^pcf-fc* be thou not moved . ^tupJ-Iru^ 

iff*, let him be moved. 
(* lupJ-hrgiupni-jz, be ye moved. i$f ^P^~b^ 

be ye not moved. ^uipd-lruglht^ let them be 

moved. 

(* iupd-tru^p or lujpJ~b2tc^ ^ e t ^ IOU m0ve< ^' 

2iupd-lrutjb > let him be moved. 
(* iupd-h-ugrit-ji, let us be moved. z^p^bW.^, 
be ye moved. ^uMpd-lrug[ih 9 let them be 
moved. 



73 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present is like that of the Indicative. 
Future. 

(* iupJ-fyfitr, I shall be moved. ^p^gpf^ 

thou shalt be moved . z^V^tsb^ ^ e shall 

be moved. 
(* iupJ-[ttj[tJg 9 we shall be moved, gupd-ft* 

gfe , ye shall be moved. ^pJ-pgpfi, they 

shall be moved. 

infinitive, 
(* iupd-[i[_0Y ^tupd-tr^, to be moved. 

PARTICIPLE. 

. Past. 

(* uMpJ-h-tu[_ or ziupJ-h-gtriuL, moved, being 
moved. 

Future. 

(* tupd-k-ing or ^tupd-Hrf/i 9 which is to be 

moved. 

In this manner many Neuter-passive and 
Common verbs are conjugated. 



74 

SECOND CONJUGATION, 
Active || w-WWi*!^ To wash . 

INDICAT IVE. 

Present. 

J ni^ufuiuiP , I wash, int-ufuuiu, thou washest. 

inL-uAnuj, he washeth. 
] nuu/uiui/p, we wash, inuufuiy^, ye wash. 

[ni-ufuufu> they wash. 

Imperfect. 

| ni-ufuuMjfi, I washed or was washing, [nuw^ 
\uyfo, thou washedst or wast washing. 

inijuhiwjp , he washed or was washing. 
| iiL-gJuujjuJig, we w r ashed or were washing. 

ini-u/iiujjfcg, ye washed or were washing . 

int-iuuujj jfu , they washed or were washing. 

Ptfr/ec£. 

| nL.ujg/t, I washed, tni-uiglrti, thou washedst, 

ant-lug, he washed. 
| ni-ujijuMg, we washed. £n«-«/^^, ye washed. 

fnuiugjfity they washed. 

Zfotare. 

| m-uigfig, I shall Wash . [nt-tuuglru, thou 

shalt wash. [nL,ujugl?, he shall wash. 
| nt-tuugnt-p, we shall wash . [nt-ujupfifi, ye 
shall wash, (ncujuglru, they shall wash. 



7 5 

IMPER AT1VE. 

Present and Future. 

| nuui f int-iuugtip OV [ni-ujuijlru 9 Wash thoa . 
lift fnuufUuifi, Wash tllOtl LlOt. [ni^ujug^, let 

him wash. 

I ni-uiuqnLzg, let US Wash, [nt-tugl^g OV [nt-Uiu^, 

fttfp, wash ye. inuwuglru, let them wash . 

S UBJUNCTIVE . 

Future. 
I nuuiiiiujgh-iFX wash, may wash, might wash, 

I COuld, should, WOuld Wash. [nL.il/UuJjglru 9 

thou wash, etc. ini-ufuujjglj , he wash, etc. 

| ni-ufuujjgtrtffz, W6 Wash . int-uJuuJjtjljj> , ye 

wash, int-iuuuytjlru, they wash. 

I NFINI TIVE. 

| nL.u/hiug_, to wash. 

PARTICIPLE. 

J?r£se/2£. 

J nL.utgnq^ 9 washing, who washes 

Past. 
| nL.iuglnu^j having washed. 

Future. 
| nt-ufiMuung, who has to wash. 

Thus also are conjugated the verbs, which 
in the lirst person of the Perfect terminate 
in ji»j ♦ 



/6 

Passive | **-*»tyl> To be washed. 

INDIC ATIVE. 

Present. 

nt-u/iu[itr t I am washed. inL.ufiM[iu, thou art 
washed, [noi/up, he is washed. 
nt-ufuhJp, we are washed, [nt-u/iifcp, ye are 
^washed, [n uiuu (Jh, thej are washed. 

Perfect 

nt-iugiuj , I have been washed, [numgiup , 
thou hast been washed. [nt-iugtuL., he has 
been washed. 

m-uMijgJUfz, we have been washed, [ni-iuguyji, 
ye have been washed, inuutgufu, they have 
been washed. 

Future. 

nt-uttjuyij, I shall be washed, [nt-iuugfiu, 
thou shalt be washed. in^iuugfi^ he shall 
be washed. 

m.ujugnL^, we shall be washed, in^iuu^kp, 
ye shall be washed . fncuMuglfu, thej shall 
be washed. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Present and Future. 

j itLuiifnuiutjlifi or inL-uiu^'pf be thou washed. 
[nL>iuuijfl, let him be washed. 



77 
j nL-wugni-g, let us be washed, (n^uju^^, be 
^ye washed. [nLiuugfiu, let them be washed. 



SU BJUNCTIVE ■ 



] nL^uAtygfttTt I may be washed, inuufuujj^ 
^gfcu, thou mayst be washed, inuuhnujg^ 

he may be washed. 
| nL-ufuiujg[iiQ> 9 we may be washed. £#n_f/Auy w 

gfc-P^yv ma J he washed, [nuufuuygtfu, they 

may be washed. 

INFINI TIVE. 

] ni-iufifit, t0 b e washed. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Past. 
j nuuigtriu^ washed. 

] n^LubujfJi, which is to be washed. 

^The Passives of the second conjugation 
are not so harmonious to the ear, whence 
they are sometimes formed by means of the 
verbs substantive, or the actives are adopted 
with a passive sense. 



7 8 

THIRD CONJUGATION. 
Active ^fr^*-^, To pour out . 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

Z^trqnuiT, I pour Ollt. <$trqtnL.u 9 tllOU pOUrest 

out. <^lrqn^ 9 he pours Ollt. 
Z^trqnL.uQ> 9 we pour out. <£lrqnt-g; ye pour 
out. <$lrqni5i 9 they pour out. 

Imperfect. 

Z^trqnL-ti, I poured out or was pouring out. 
<$Lrqni-tt[i , thou pour'dst out or wast pou- 
ring out. ^k-qnjp, he poured out or was 
pouring out. 

^L-qnt-uMg, we poured out or were pouring 
out. ^trqnt-lip, ye poured out or were pou- 
ring out. ^Irqnt-lfu, they poured out or 
were pouring out. 

Perfect. 

^lirqfi, I poured out. ^t-qlrp, thou pour'dst 
out. fr^&^or ^q_j> he poured out . 

^Irqaig, we poured out. ^kqfcp, ye poured 
out. ^qfa* they poured out. 

Future* 

^b-ntig, I shall pour out. ^qgk-u, thou shalt 
pour out. ^t-qakj he shall pour out. 



79 

Z^trrigni-p, We shall pOlir Out. <$trq$k£> je 

shall pour out. ^IrqgLfu, they shall pour out. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Present and Future. 

^Irq_ 9 $fy/ti;p OT ^trqgtru, do thou pour OUt. 
J$ <$trqn£-p, do thou DOt pour OUt. <$lrqgl? 9 

let him pour out. 
^trqgrii^g, let us pour out. ^q^ or ^t-q^ 
2tifi> do je pour out. JJJ ^^, do ye not 
pour out. ^trqglru, let them pour out. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Future. 

^IrqnL-gnL-tT, I pour out, I may, might, 
could, should, would pour out. <£Z-^«*- w 

gniLu , thou pOUr OUt , etc . ^Irqn^gnL. , he 

pour out, etc. 

Z^h-qnt-gni-Jfi, We pour OUt, etc. ^Irqni-gni-^, 

ye pour out. ^Is-qn^gniJu^ they pour out. 

I NFINITIVE . 
Z^trqaL.^ tO pOUr OUt. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Present. 
^^It'lL* pouring out. 

Past. 
^fkqtrujLj having poured out. 



8o 

Future. 
^Irqing, who has to pour out. 

In this manner also are conjugated the 
verbs which in the first person of the Perfect 
terminate in *y or fr*y . 

Passive ^fr^Wufr^ To be poured out 

indicative. 
Present. 

^trqu/u[ur f I am poured out. ^k-qufuttu , thou 
art poured out. <££^fi/5^, he is poured out. 

^k-rjufultJg., we are poured out. ^trqufu[ip. 9 
ye are poured out. ^k-qufulfit, they are 
poured out. 

Perfect. 

^kqiuj 9 I have been poured out. ^VtT' 

thou hast been poured out. ^t-qtuu 9 he has 

been poured out. 
Z^lrquqi, we have been poured out. ^t-q^y^i 

fe have been poured out. <^lrqiJu 9 they 

lave been poured out. 

Future. 






^-fkquyg, I shall be poured out . ^h-qaftu 9 

thou shalt be poured out. ^t-qa^ he shall 

be poured out. 
^k-qgni^, we shall be poured out. <$£*^{Vjg2s 

ye shall be poured out. ^k-qgffu, they shall 

be poured out. 



IMPEHAT1VE. 

^trqfip or ^trqg/iu, be thou poured out. 

^ist'» let him be poured out. 
Z^lrqujpnt-.j> or ^trqgtig* be ye poured out, 

^k-qgllfu, let them be poured out. 

INFINITIVE. 

Z^trqufu[iL_i to be poured out. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Past. 

-"CjAnjfA-u/^, poured out. 

Future. 

^^Ilb* which is to be poured out. 

The deficiencies of the third conjugation 
passive are supplied from it's active. 

FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
Common verb f )*-««A»ir(., To learn. 

INDI CATIVE. 

Present. 

[\i-.uuiu[tir 9 1 learn. nL.uufu[iu t thou learnest. 

ntuitfufir he learns. 
[\t unfa [,ifg, we learn. nL.uufb[\p. 9 ye learn, m^ 

u,u%[fu 9 they learn. 



Imperfect. 

^\uuufuk^ I learned or was learning. »c-«#«jl 
'ukbp* t ' 10U l earuec lst or wast learning. #»^ 
uufiikpy he learned or was learning. 

[\1-uufukuqi9 we learned or were learning. 
nLLuuiU^ft^ ye learned or were learning. 
m-uu/ukt^^ they learned or were learning. 

Perfect. 

f|f_f/f^, I have learned, ncuusp, thou hast 
learned. m-um^ 9 he has learned. 

[}£_f/u/£, we have learned. nt-.uuyj>, ye have 
learned, ni-uufu, they have learned. 

Future . 

[\t-uuyg, I shall learn, ni-utjfiu, thou shalt 

learn, nuugfi, he shall learn. 
l\i-ugnt-g 9 we shall learn. nuu^Jfig, ye shall 

learn. nt-utj(fu, they shall learn. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Present. 

J|iL«//yi, learn thou. 48 nL.uufu[tfi 9 learn thou 

not. ni-utjll, let him learn. 
JJ£.«i£i/^i#/t-^ 5 do ye learn. lijtf n^uufufai, do ye 

not learn, n^ugp'ii, let them learn. 

F#tare. 

(|*-i#g^i or nL-uufu[i2[jp, learn thou. m-utj{I, 
let him learn . 



83 

faugrii-p, let US learn. nuu^fiji OVm.uu&p^p 9 

do ye learn, nuuglfa, let them learn. 

SUB JUNCTIVE. 

The Present is like that of the Indicative. 
Future. 

[\i-uu/DfigfgiT 9 I learn, may, might, could, 
should, would learn . n^uufu[ig[iu , thou 
learn, etc. nL.uu/u[igli 9 he learn, etc. 

[\t-uufu[i[}[iJg.> we learn. flLuuA^^j ye learn. 
nt-uufufig[fu* they learn. 

INFINITIVE. 

^LuuAp^or nuuufulrij to learn. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Present. 
\\t-uiuiinq, learning, who learns. 

Past. 
[\t-uh-uj^ having learned. 
Future. 

[\t-uufu!ring or ni_uuihlr[J, , who has to learn. 

Thus are also conjugated the common 
verbs which in the first person of the Per- 
fect terminate in ymj. 

They are at the same time active and pas- 
sive. 



u 

Conjugations of the Irregular verbs. 
ACTIVE. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

\*nJutrtT 9 I make, umhihu, thou makest. um~, 

*itl?, he makes. 
|Vl#£-*^, we make . utnlulzp, ye make . um~„ 

^tri*, they make. 

Perfect. 

Yjiwrfif I have made, iuputplrp^ thou hast 
made, lupiup, he has made. 

infinitive. 

|V5iAr^ to make, to do. 

PARTICIPLE . 

Present. 
y\puipaq_ or iunSunq_> making, who makes. 

Past. 
Wptuptruiu having made, making. 

Future. 
Yjdhtrtng, who has to make. 



85 

PASSIVE. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

Ya5i[itr, I am made. mn5ipu 9 thou art made. 

uinfufi, he is made. 
PaSt^i^, we are made. uinJufe, ye are made . 

tun5i[fu 9 the j are made. 

Perfect 

Y^ptupuij, I have been made, lupiupiup, thou 

hast been made. luptupiuL., he has been 

made . 
Wpwpuip, we have been made, tupu*ptyg 9 ye 

have been made. iupiupufu 9 they have been 

made. 

infinitive. 
| V5i^, to be made . 

PARTICIPLE. 

Past. 
| m p iU p^ r§u i mm ( k not iupuMph-gh-ua^ made . 

Future. 
\*nJutr[{i or lunJulring, which is to be made. 



86 

ACTIVE. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

# Ji&frJ% I put. rj5*tru> thou putst. q5*k> he puts. 
* \fuL-ifg, we put. qfakp> je put. r£ulfu 9 they 
put. 

Per/ec£. 

1/9^9 I have put, £-7^7' or hrtjJrft> thou hast 
put. 4-ijf., he has put. 

\fiu>4i> we have put. £fA£> y e ^ ave P ut " 
hrr^jfu, the j have put. 

INFINITIVE. 

1 )*&£■£_, to put, to place. 

PARTICIPLE . 

'JuSm^, putting. 

Past. 
y^if-t-tui^ having put. 

Future. 

i \*'lilr[ng> who has to put. 

PASSIVE. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present 
i \A^d % 9 I am put. fet"*, thou art put. fSr^, 
he is put. 



8 7 

4 \^pUp 9 we are put. ^ttp 9 ye are put. ySifih, 
the j are put. 

Perfect. 

\wy 9 I have been put. £-^u#^, thou hast 
been put. k-q-wL., he has been put. 

\j>T*u£, we have been put. h-t^uy^, ye have 
been put. kq.uA 9 thej have been put. 

infinitive. 

§ \&I*Lj> to be put. 

PAR TICIPLE. 

Past. 

|^jy.A-ii/^( not /f-ptrgb-m/^) put. 

Future. 
*\yfiilr[p or i^it-fng, which is to be put. 

ACTIVE. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

] uk-iT, I hear, [uk-u, thou hearest. £*/£, he 

hears. 
| uk-t/p, we hear, ["kg, ye hear, [utru, they 

hear. 

Perfect. 

| /M-m/, I heard, inuiup^ thou heard. [n^tuL., 
he heard. 



88 
| nuiug, we heard. £*-">)&> ye heard, int-ufu, 
^they heard. 

infinitive. 

| ulr^ to hear. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Present. 
| unq^ hearing, who hears. 

Past. 
\ nulnui^ y having heared, hearing. 

Future. 
| ub-fng, who has to hear. 

PASSIVE. 

INDICATIVE . 

Present. 

| ufnTp lam heard, [upu, thou art heard. /uft 9 

he or it is heard. 
| ufai/ps we are heard. iukg> ye are heard. 

[ufa, they are heard. 

Perfect. 

Is formed by means of the Substantive 
verb, as, 
1 mJruif_f ui^ib 9 i" L -p or 12*- ^iff* I have 
"been heard. [nt-t-tui^lrytrp, thou hast been 



8 9 
heard. £tiL.truJi^lrqL !> he has been heard. 
| ni-lriu^ i^ibi U!'~L t or 12 1 - ^quAg, we have 
been heard. ^/_Zr#//^i^r4^, ye have been 
heard. (nL.truJiJrq/rit, they have been heard . 

infinitive . 

] ufi^ to be heard. 

PARTICIPLE . 

Past. 
] mJruii_j heard . 

Future. 

| ut-ffr, which is to be heard. 
This verb is also regular. 

ACTIVE. 

I NDICATIVE. 

Present. 

^uAuj^lrJ] I know. iCufiiuM^u^ thou know- 

est. Xufuuifl?, he knows. 
f^u&w^lrJg, we know. Xufiiuiikg, ye know. 

^CguUiu^ifu^ they know. 

Perfect. 

^yKufulrujj , I have known. Srufutnup, thou hast 
know r n. S-u/ijL-iul-, he has known. 

^y*ufiilru*p 9 we have known. &u/Llmjj^ 9 ye 
have known. Srufulrufu, they have known. 



9° 

IMPERAT IVE . 

j^umuum^ij to know. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Present. 
f\ufuiij£nq_, knowing, who knows. 

Past. 
\y%>u/unt-ijIriUL, having known. 
Future. 

f^u/UuijIrfng, who has tO ktlOW. 

PASSIVE. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

^ufututttiT, I am known. iCufuiu^u^ thou art 

known. iCufuiu^^ he is known. 
T\ufuuj2[ii(£, we are kuown. 7Cu*bu%fcp, % ye 

are known. "XuAtu^tfij, they are known. 

Perfect. 

^y,uAni-glriui^lrq^ , I have been known. 5-«nu 
e uni~glniM[_lrqlr[i, thou hast been known. 
S-uAm-glruji^irqL.^ he has been known. 

\y±u&nL.glruM[Js'iiuMf± 9 we have been known, 
&ufunL.gtrwi_ trying , ye have been known: 
hrufuni-glruMiJrijlfu , they have been known. 



INFINITIVE. 

J^u/uiu^i^ to be known. 

P A RTICIPLE. 

Past. 

( y± ufunt-tjtruji^ knO WD, 

This verb is also regular. 
NEUTER 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

lyt-qu/ii^b-iT, I sin. JlrqufutJru , thou sinnest. 
Jh-quMU£ly 9 he sins. 

\YlrquM%^lrifp 9 WC sin. iflrqufb^p, ye Sin . t&i. 

qwigirb, they sin. 

Perfect. 

\Yk-qujj, I have sinned. tlh-quMft, thou hast 

sinned, i/h-qua-, he has sinned. 
yykquMfi, we have sinned, ifk-qug^, ye have 

sinned. tffrquA, they have sinned. 

INFINITIVE. 
\\*kqu/U£tri_, tO sin. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Present 
\yirqufi*inq_9 sinning, who sins. 



9 a 

Past. 
W^k-qnugtrui^ having sinned. 

Future. 

^trqufu^lrintj, wllO has to Sin. 

This verb is also regular. 
NEUTER. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

S^iuihitlrir v I rise, jwnfulru, thou risest. jwn-~ 

'uk, he rises. 
i^uinfulriQi, we rise, jumi^lm^^ ye rise. jwn-„ 

*ulrii 9 the j rise. 

Perfect. 

£^u*ptrujj 9 I have been risen, I rose, ^yii^ 

pinup ^ thou hast been risen, jutptriuu, he 

has been risen. 
Qtuph-uifi, we have been risen, jwpkuyji, 

ye have been risen. jtuptuA', they have 

been risen. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Vmpt?> r * se thou. ##' jiunJuIrp, rise thou not. 
!\r/fe* r ' se J e * ^'j^^j rise ye not. 

INFINITIVE. 

! % \uinfulri^ to rise, to get up. 



93 

PARTICIPLE. 

Past. 
t^utjinL.glruM^j risen, having been risen. 
Future. 

!^iun5ilr[nij , who IS tO rise. 

ACTIVE. 

INDICATIVE . 

Present. 

> 

$uuP 9 I give, tnwu, thou givest. *nuy, he 

gives. 
£uu/g 9 we give, tnuyjz, je give, uiufu, they 

give. 

Perfect. 

\pinnL-, I have given. Iruim-p, thou hast given. 

km, he has given. 
§nt-iug, we have given. truint-g,ye have given. 

Innnifu* they have given. 

INFINITIVE. 

$a#^ 5 to give. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Present. 

§ni-nij giving, who gives. 

Past. 
$nL.trtu^, having given. 



94 

Future . 
$wintf, who has to give. 

PASSIVE. 

INDICATIVE.. 

Present. 

£nt-.lruJi_ [fSufrtT , I am given. *fr#ifJEr£i/^£/fo^r*#, 

thou art given, utm-k-tu^fpiip;, he is given. 
£ni-lruii_ififi[itQ> 9 we are given. mmgJhm^^ 
%pp 9 ye are given, innutriui^itfulfu, they 
are given. 

Perfect. 

§ni-usj 9 1 have been given, mn^iup^ thou hast 
been given. mnLtut-, he has been given. 

§nuujg 9 we have been given . wnL-uy.p, ye 
have been given, uwuufu, they have been 
given. 

INFINITIVE. 

VJ nL.lnui_ [falri^ to be given. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Past 
$*iL.k-us L 9 given. 

Future. 
$uj[fi, which is to be given. 



9^ 
NEUTER. 

INDICA TIVE . 

Present. 

<j*ii#i/% I come, n-usu, thou comest. f-«*y, he 

cometh. 
<}*fi#ii^, we come . f-^y^, ye come . tf-u/is, 

they come. 

Perfect. 

X^kbi I was come - ^kbp* t ^ ou wast come. 

h-lpi, he was come. 
\^iu£, we were come. ^^,ye were come. 

h-lflfu, they were come. 

INFINITIVE. 

<| %!//£, to come. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Past. 
\^/{Iru*Lj come, being come. 
Future. 

^Wfng, wllO IS to COIIlC 

ACTIVE. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

JJi-mtt/*, I eat. nt-mlru, thou eatest. nt-wt? 9 

he eats. 



96 
||ti#iM^ 5 we eat. nt-uifcp, ye eat. m-mtA, 
they eat. 

Perfect. 

\\ty[> or limply, I have eaten. l^C^C or 4^- 

ptujt, thou hast eaten. £-££71 or fyk-piuL., he 

has eaten. 
\\&-£/uqz 9 we have eaten. fyk-puMj^i or fytrppg* 

ye have eaten, ykpffc or lih-pufu , they have 

eaten. 

INFINITIVE . 

||«-*/*fe/_, to eat. 

PARTICIPLE . 

Present. 
Xyh-pn^ eating, who eats. 

Pas*. 
X^h-filriu^ eating; having eaten. 

Future. 
^mfrfng, who has to eat. 
PASSIVE. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

[\uuiftiT , I am eaten, num^u, thou art eaten. 

num[t 9 he is eaten. 
\\^wftt(^ 9 we are eaten, numfe, ye are eaten. 

nuuijfu, tkey are eaten. 



97 
Perfect. 
\\/rplriij[_ Irql?, I have been eaten. ^h-ph-uM^ 
trqlrp, thou hast been eaten. fyfytrMUj^h-qlL, 

he has been eaten. 

\\bplruMiJrqu{f±, We have beeil eaten, iilrptrau^ 

h-tjk^ ye have been eaten, litrpihrunjrqlrii , 
they have been eaten. 

INFINITIVE . 

l\ L ~ tn l'L.> t0 ^ e eaten - 

PARTICIPLE. 

Past. 
\|£yj/r#i/£, eaten. 

Future. 

[\uwlr[[i or I/frp/Ji, which is to be eaten. 

ACTIVE. 

INDICATI VE . 

Present. 

l*ifuilriT 9 I drink. pjTuitru, thou drinkest. ffJl 

uik, he drinks. 
^JZillrt/p, we drink. £^1^, ye drink. £tT^ 
^mlru, they drink. 

Perfect. 

\mClrb* I drank, lup^h-p^ thou drankest. utpp 

or kuspF* he drank. 
Wppuip, we drank, wppjip.^ ye drank. u»p„ 

Fpu, they drank. 



98 

INFINITIVE . 

j 1 </?//£-£_, to drink. 

PARTICIPLE. 

P*/^/!^, drinking, who drinks. 

Past. 
J 1 Jlqlrtuuor Wpplnu^dvank or drunken; hav- 



ing drunk. 



Future. 



^Jintr[ntj y who is to drink. 

^The passive is formed with a Substan- 
tive verb. 



COMMON. 

I NDICATIVE. 

Present. 

[|f-5#^#/% I take. niSufcu, thou takest . m5s(i 9 

he takes. 
[|£_S#/r*iJe, we take. nJufe, ye take, ni&ffu, 

they take. 

Perfect. 

\\u*iuy, I have taken. ^o/£fi^f 5 thou hast taken. 

Iiuj[uml. 9 he has taken. 
\\ui[uig 9 we have taken. k^HSJ-fr* y e ^ ave 

taken. ^ui[u& i they have taken. 



99 

INFINITIVE. 

(JiAt^, to take, to have. 

PARTICIPLE . 

Present. 
[\t5inq_, taking, having, who has. 

Past. 
\\uigJriuLj, taken, had; taking, having. 

Future. 

[\ifulr[[M or nicking, who has to take or to 
have. 

NEUTER. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

\fpP~wtT, I gO. lr(i(3~uiu, thou gOest. £^j w 

P-uy* he goes. 
X^pP-wt/p, we go, &"[i(3-ujjj> 9 ye go. k-pP-ufu, 
they go. 

Perfect. 

Qnpty ov tntf-iiy, I went or I am gone, ^n^ 
^uip, thou wentest or art gone.^wpii/*-, he 
went or is gone. 

12^*^5 we went, etc. tngvyji* ye went.^c 
^ujh, they went or they are gone. 



IOO 

INFINITIVE. 

PAR TICIPLE. 

Present. 

\p k pP~ n Tj g 0111 g> w h° g oes * 

Past. 
\tfPlrui U gone; going. 

Future. 
\?l'P~ u, L?g or tyft"'lJ'9 who is to go. 

VERBS IMPERSONAL. 

Those verbs are called Impersonal which 
are used only in the third person, as, 

yj^ik, it begins to cloud. 

yj*£pLk, it rains. 

V)°?k> ** rains little. 

^trqtrquiuil?, it comes pouring, it runs over. 

^>^<-^4-, it snows. 

f^uin-uji[-iy(3-l? 9 it shines. 

YrL.tuL.auik , it begins to be day-light. 

IJVHHk"' ** blows very hard. 

i\yuij[iuuiuilit? 9 it lightens. 

<i\uiqtupt-^k 9 it produces fruit. 

|JVir*4^ it bellows, it roars. 

\\uiqJfLuh^k 9 it howls. 

[\uin-ui2h 9 it bellows, it roars. 



10 1 



y* m j^ufi*uy 9 it clears up. 

]^a-uii-ouiufuujj 9 it dawns. 

\fplrlinjufuiuj) it darkens. 

k \^lt^k-[iu/uujj 9 it is become night* 

| n^uufuiuj, it brightens. 

\^)iuL.iUftiuuujji it grows dusky. 

^pufuujj, it kindles. 

fanuiiy, it thunders. 

1VA> 5 * s reported, they say. 

\^pL-[i 9 it appears, it seems. 

f()wji_^, it seems. 

|]uy*5-^r, 'tis believed, it is thought. 

| i//r, it is noised abroad. 

Z^wuufukov<$ujuuiu[i, it happens, it falls out, 

< l|a#iffuf^4'3 it happens. 

^ufu^[iui[i, it happens. 

<l|/r//i^, it must, it behoves. 

y\*ut-k or gw-b* ** P a ius. 

f^fcf 4*3 it becomes, it is fit. 

l^cfuA 4"^ it is convenient, it becomes. 

\^ft<?uuip k, it is impossible. 

f\«/^£_/j^ £, it is good, it is well. 

\y)[iuui £, it is hard. 

\\uiiP k or fyuJi/p Iris, it is wished, it wills, 

pulpit k> it must, it is necessary. 

\Yulp(3- k> it may be. 

iXuigw £, it is clear. 

vi / 7 . • i cc • 

^ ulin £, it is enough, it sutticies. 

*l\uiput k> it must. 

V| "ytt-i^k* it is fit, it is proper. 

<l|^<^ l/is, it must, it is necessary. 

( )/»4& t or opl&g L*u 9 'tis lawful, it allows. 



102 

fyyP~ ^> ^ * s care( J for. 
( ^^.tit-ui 1?, it is expedient. 
'I* ifM^i k> it is suitable, it is convenient, it 
becomes, it is fit. 



PREPOSITION 

A prepositiou is an indeclinable word or 
particle which placed before a noun changes 
either it's case, or it's signification. 

The prepositions which change the cases 
of nouns are called Formers of cases. 

The prepositions which change the mean- 
ing of nouns by governing their cases, are 
called Rulers of cases. 

Prepositions '£, ;, f y ; and *♦*- '£ form the 
Dative and the Ablative. 

{>> 'h } are placed before the vowels. 

|\%- forms the Dative. 

P) forms the Dative. Before a consonant 
it is pronounced j£, as, j^fr^. 

() forms the Accusative. Before a con- 
sonant it was formerly pronounced **, but 
at present it is pronounced ^. 

l^T forms the Dative and the Ablative . 

According to the modern usage the Prepo- 
sitions forming the cases;, j and ^ are writt- 
en prefixed and joined to nouns, and the 
others detached from them. 



io3 
A COLLECTION OF PREPOSITIONS, 

|\i_ , tun. 9 ft, to, unto, towards, at; by, near, 
nigh: for, for the sake, on account: on, 
upon: under: against: amongst, govern the 
dative, the genitive, and the instrumental 
cases. 

[^q-, with: by: instead: for: under: between: 
to, unto, towards: on, upon: amongst, go- 
verns the genitive, the dative , the abla- 
tive, and sometimes the instrumental. 

\fuui, according: for: out, without: after, go- 
verns the genitive, the dative, and the 
ablative. 

Otrprj- or qk-pP^, as , like, governs the accu- 
sative. 

\ X FP> bPC^- or bFF nt -> as > tike, about, govern 
generally the accusative. 

f()\u/£7j or p-ufug, without, out, unless, go- 
verns the genitive. 

V| iuuu, for, in order to, concerning, governs 
the genitive. 

<\\uA, than, much, governs the accusative. 

\jp*(3- see f 1 ^* 

|J Y&£ or Jjfu^L., till, until!, to, unto, governs 
the dative with a preposition. 

^ufiMtftrpJL , with , by . governs the instru- 
mental . 

{ \*lr[r, over, above, upon, more, before, past. 
governs generally the accusative , and 
sometimes the dative. 



io4 

$I|£«/, as, like, governs the genitive and the 
dative. 

<|*#if_W£, as, like, governs the genitive and 
the dative. 

'1*4//% towards* governs the dative. 

\\nju or fynqifii, towards . govern the dative- 
with-preposition. 

[^uiifc, till, untill, unto, governs the instru- 
mental. 

(* nL.p2_, TnL-p£u/bm/£[i , about, around, govern 
the circumdative. 

Wpwuqi*', ujpwujgnf, out. govern the geni- 
tive or the accusative with +mU . 

{hnfuufiM, iftnfuu/uiuli, instead, inbehalf govern 
the genitive. 

*Yf^P&y or '/■ ^ty-Py, under, govern the ge- 
nitive. 

'J ik tjlrpiy, on, upon, governs the genitive. 

'I* ^C 9 *1!:C1I or *b *H:C1J> over, above, go- 
vern the dative, or the accusative with 

'I* ^"iL or *b ^b2h 9 ™> i nt0 > * n tne middle , 
within, between, amongst, govern the ge- 
nitive, 

1* Jb22J> from the middle, governs the ge- 
nitive. 

*|* £Em5i 9 by. governs the genitive. 

O opt/is, as, like, governs the genitive. 

O^L-ar, ^t-inftf %gh[i, after, behind, govern 
the genitive. 

SXuiquia.u or iuquia^uiL., for, for the sake, be" 
cause of govern the genitive. 



io5 

'I* uftuui'XujfL.u or uiiumlCuin^un-^ for, for the 
sake, because of. govern the genitive. 

'J* <Zuit/lup 9 on account, for. governs the ge- 
nitive . 

IJu/^c/ or 9 ft uuiifu, because of for, on ac- 
count, govern the genitive. 

'J* ui^mu, for. governs the genitive. 

Qui^Jlf or [furf- u'2jfk> on the right side, go- 
vern the genitive. 

uj^lrfyl?, on the left side . govern the ge- 
nitive. 

fVwjf oip^uj/g, out, without* besides, except. 
govern the ablative. 

Oujui, aside, governs the ablative. 

^Ln-ft, far, far off. governs the ablative. 

^luqm, secretly, governs the ablative. 

fapnju, apart, aside, governs the ablative. 

*(\ff#£., God forbid, governs the ablative. 

^/it_fy, Jtrplk, Jour, near, nigh, by. govern 
the dative. 

\]t*g> conjoint, connected, with, governs the 
dative. 
O njtfr, joint, with, governs the dative. 

y 3 dufy, like, governs the dative. 

^ujfyujn-ujfy, against, governs the dative. 

fynfuiuplfu, instead of governs the dative. 

y*n-.u&ij, without, out, besides, unless, governs 
the genitive. 

YnLuipp, in front, before, governs the genitive. 

Qiun-iugnj, before, from before, governs the 
genitive. 



! (>6 

\ le uq- wn-iu^j against, governs the genitive. 
\ x %P-lrp or tun-jfiiP-lrp, near, nigh, by. govern 

^the genitive and the dative. 
\* r bif.yXiT 9 against, governs the genitive and 
the dative. 

in front, against, opposite, govern the ge- 
nitive and the dative. 

Qufuif.fiJuMU, before, in front, governs the ge- 
nitive and the dative. 

I Ifu jufun-fcJufu or j ujjui j ufu rj.fi ifiuu , before, 
in front, evidently , publicly . govern the ge- 
nitive and the dative. 

|J^-£#i*_.«j^, apart, aside, governs the ablative. 

ty^iujulinju , on this side, governs the genitive. 

f^ajjff. %yu or jiufuljnju, on that side, beyond, 
behind, govern the genitive. 

iy^uin-iu^linju, forwards . governs the geni- 
tive . 

{\lrin f/n/u, back, backward, behind, governs 
the genitive. 

\* 41rv k'U u > onwar d- governs the genitive. 

'!* 'l^t/C iy* downward, downwards . go- 
verns the genitive. 

'|^(t*jj i/^py or f-trp 'b^CU* a b° ve > higher, 
over than, govern the dative and the abla- 
tive . 

[\p"tku> a$> like, governs generally the ac- 
cusative. 

above, higher, over than, govern the accu- 
sative. 



107 

^n-uMtJMU^iJu, over, above, more than, go" 
verns the accusative. 

y^igpjgju/bj beyond, further, governs the ac- 
cusative. 

Qiun-iu^jiiuii ov^uifu ^>ufu , before, first than. 
govern the accusative. 

| ^punu^nj ^ufu or uipmiugu ^ufu , out than . 
govern the accusative. 

Qtrinnj ^>ufu, after than, governs the accu- 
sative. 
Some prepositions are rarely placed after 

the nouns. 

ADVERB 

An Adverb denotes the circumstances of a 
verb, or of an action. 

A COLLECTION OF ADVERBS. 

I* 
m id-d* , uijd-tfht-, utnn., qutpn-pu , nOW, at 

present, actually, newly, recently. 
WjJ-Jffi, already, hence, from this time. 

I m J uo P Or n ubrnl^h-uhuM , fs ufrnfykufu tut-nt-p, 

to-day, in this day. 
VJ uiqfri.., to-morrow. 

XiT^k or jfy^fo* yesterday. 
\jkgjL.uA^. or jh-n^ufu^u, the day before yes- 
terday. 
j^#^L hplrliu, iu the evening, towards the 
^evening. 



i o8 

C l*foW> trb^C"^ or 'Uttlkcrf'' by night, 

in the night, in the night time. 
O Jfrgun.n£.pp 9 at noon-day. 
l| iutj_ ^w£_, early, betimes. 
Y^jf-" 1 -^ or lujtf-nt-tj, in the morning. 

II f£/i Z_ nL -P* r "b 9 ihunnL. Luu , A uatnnt^g 9 al- 
ready. 

QiujuiP^lrinl? or uijun^lrmL. , henceforth, 
henceforward, hereafter. 

{^/Yii/£-<£A-£/7£, since. 

{)£-*"*»/, z£^> iuuiiu, after, afterwards. 

|,Y^£-f% ovJlrpP-\ sometimes, now and then, 
from time to time. 

|y^, ^yy?, jnpJ-iuiT, Jfai, when, while, 
whilst. 

jiul-1?J- , jiui-l;ui , always, ever, conti- 
nually., every moment, evermore, for ever, 
eternally. 

*J*£-/l, rfJrn-b-.u , miul^iui-^fu , yet, Still. 

IJY^f-^j ■^ ^Sgi when, while, whilst, as 

long as. 
IJ^&^fc., till, untill. 
OZl , ^ £.«# , Jjfu^L. , not , not yet , not 

as yet. 
Quiju£iu>r ', then. 
y^iuJu^uiiF, till then. 

j ^J-ujifly^ i ^y%J-tuifiy^ 9 iy^<^lriniy^M 9 forth- 
with, very soon, in a moment, immediate- 
ly, incontinently. 

- |jxii#£*!/##o-, iuA^uino'nt-.uin , ttrnuil^iunh' , Sud- 
denly, on a sudden, all of a sudden, 



log 
unawares, in an unexpected manner. 

I 1 pw*£> trpuJijf-UJUflfU, tftnj[£, SOOI1, as SOOM 

as, quickly, speedily, readily. 

'f\hruim[ 1 £wujiuiuml., hastily, in haste. 

^nL.ui 9 ^m-uiffurj-^nL-ui , presently, shortly, 
by and by, forthwith. 

Z^tuntii-, <^tuqpt- feHiM, scarce, scarcely. 

\\ulgnpa\ fiu/jL-pu/f, immediately, incontinent- 
ly, forthwith, instantly. 

y*fiuif~u& 9 uMUuatfjiuu nt-ptrlRi, late, unseason- 
ably. 

[\l„[i ni-plrifh, scarcely, rarely. 

QiuLuml.) muil^LUL. uiuifyiui- 9 iun~ UUil^UiU UUihuiL-^ 

by little and little, by degrees. 
\*um or luutnufuvp , here. 
Yuwkfa, hence; here; in this world. 
yum ft, ujuuml.uui 9 hence, from hence. 

\\j»C> here - 

Wjuptfat here, hitherward; by this way. 

Wjuifi, thence, from thence. 

V m j r tC> uyq-ufuop, there. 

l 1 ^//*., u/un-n 9 ufurL.ufuon OY ufuinufuon 9 there. 

Y^sq-l/u, thence, there: forthwith. 
\*fanfi 9 u&tf-ni-uin, thence, therefrom. 
Y^ij-uuiffu, thence, from, since. 
y\ujju %"/"> on this side. 
iy^uipjliyu , on that side. 
Y*^puiuj£>u 9 'fc if-ni^pu) out, abroad. 
*|* "htrpgu, Islrpgnj, within, inwardly. 
^/m-fr, r J?pu**g 9 } fi pujijtrujj, far, afar, far off. 
*|* pmgafumn , 9 p ^Irn^ujuuiiuuk , from afar, 
from a great distance. 



110 

|J\w, y fi Jouinj , near, nearly, at hand, 

closely . 
YlwnpL, 9 /k uwnpL , f fi fajp > below, under, 

hereunder, beneath. 

'I* 4kc > % b 4kc "fo't-p > up> upon, above, 

hereupon. 
'I* ilkpnuuin, from above. 
()*-/*, m-pufuoji, where. 
JJi_£i ni-ptrg, where. 
jJ£_«/*/>££, from some place. 
}^JlruuMjit nt-uinkp., from every places, 
!\tun-ui£nj 9 jiutt-ui^lfni-ul?, from before. 
i^tnniij, after, back, backward, behind. 

i \trwni-uin , jk~ui fynuutf, 'ft P^fif^iuUrj , irom 

behind. 

\\" > J"C %y u > ll*"t n C 9 w here , which 

way . 
\\ jf^f-p, somewhere else , elsewhere , in 

another place. 
YmJm t - utn > h ()m elsewhere , from another 

place. 

I hufuii-iutT , u/fL. ufun.iuiP JJm, utiL. ifh € Uni~uia- i 

once, at one time. 

Ifpth" 9 tw } c *- 

\fpt3v9 thrice. 
i2 n pts" 9 ^ our times over. 
^ht^figu, five times over. 
|] Org feu, six times over. 

l.utfu, € Uiufu lun-wQjfl*) tjiun-UM^fiVu 9 lirst, at 

first, the first time, in the first place, at 
the beginning, before. 
X/ptPWl:' w"iw> secondly, after, then. 



1 1 1 

|JY' — Jfci-u, one — another, first — in the se- 
cond place. 

^^ufujiiju , jyufujitju ufut^iutT ' 9 how often, how 
much time, how many times. 

I YiuunukP uiUnjuid* 9 tn/nijiulfh 9 tiuAiufuiubh , 

jnguiulili, oft, often, mostly, many or se- 
veral times, frequently. 

Wf* IL um *$"$}*> oue a ^ ter another, orderly. 

^[t^iuu ifi/fr, one more than another. 

i])n[uu&uj/£UJi-, iftniftnfu , by turns, recipro- 
cally, interchangeably, mutually. 

^frw t^hrmk 9 successively , one after ano- 
ther. 

MukU*'* hc&^kb* doubly, twice. 



again, moreover, once more. 



| */*> qb\ f^Zr \ *>$***> iun^fiJ^ \ (li'q-fy , k% 

ijujuU , ilujgfu l^n 9 tJIIP UUJ fyu 9 tjp nt-iP , 

iun-li e Uj L , why? wherefore? for why/' for 
what reason? 

O ffii£_ 9 what? which? 

O ftw£ii[-, ftp?, "pujlfu, how? in what man- 
ner? why? 

(Ii.> "t_wui*Hp.ff*i > is it not? 

*\\uAfio5i 9 how much? 

]* n c 9 ft- fc L -b£> ^y which? how? 

\) x f, Jppk — £/»£, or — either? 

[j p £_ft£fi 5 from whence? 

Xi^FF* jnpd-tuiT ', when? 

I pn^iunL, 9 jjinuii^Ji , <£t£Jt-.tuutsizruJL- 9 jiul^tuup^u , 



I 12 

ufuipi-2u*> truly, verily, certainly, surely, 
indeed, iu truth, assuredly, infallibly, un- 
doubtedly, justly, really. 

l]ix/^/r^£i/^, very well, 

\uiuMgtfu, lupij-h-oji, truly, verily. 

i \^plrp-k 9 t"ti> tnta&u* almost, nearly, as 
it were, pretty near. 

( y^# L. <&, so, thus. 

uijpqJrap, fal? pk> bd^ lt> perhaps, lest, 

it may be. 
|J x /r/3^, JJi ivptf-lrqg, may it be. 
O* /#*_, no, not. 
\^l. a^ 9 nor, neither. 
(|^A_«/, no more. 

JI^^Erc^c, luJtAiL-lfu «*, never, by no means . 
(U. tfyL> nothing. 
\\jL"l_^- u 9 uo more. 

VF&* *$ f*""*-9 Jft t-pekg* *$ ibgfr> *$ b'-bz * 

no, not, never, by no means. 
( yti ufu^ji, forbear. 
^\\ujl. 9 God forbid, forbear. 

Vn?"!f** tri-L-p-, [nty, unufy. Only, but. 

VFt'?P uu i* l ^b u u &1 'fy'y*'* s ' lQ $y> solely. 
\) b rf*> one by one. 

II trfynL-uh , nL.nnfij , luiT-iuL&tflfu , wniUiUAUUMtfp , 

apart, aside, asunder, separately, singly, 

particularly. 
fV>«*» a behold, lo, see, there. 
\*<Zusi-tuu/i4 or ujuuju[iI{> behold, here. 
Y^mi^iutj.b^ or tut-iurfbk* behold, there. 
y<^iuuufubk or luuufubk* there, behold. 



1 ID 



I iu 9 tTufUUMt-ufun.) r lsui iTiifuiUi-UiUti-) tupi qfr 9 

jiut-btn, uituiui-tri^ w[i 9 infjfutu 9 rather, more. 

than, nay, chiefly. 
\fullfu, by my-self. 
<\\&%&i' 9 by thy-self. 
IpA-^t^? by our-selves. 
QL-yl£u 9 by your-selves. 
WjJ-Jk'*'* from since, from this time. 
\fugujfu , by himself. 
^[fiintffiii 9 almost, quite, totally. 

^xninpnijtfu Or pn^npnilpt/fL 9 wholly, totally, 

entirely. 
\yujifluL. or fytuiTnilJiu, voluntarily, willingly. 
Xj^pphg* ever, at any time. 
[\t-pkg., in some place. 
[jt-fufr^, whence, from whence. 
X^ujp/i;, too, much, most, too much. 
\\L.pm[p 9 by himself. 
Qpp, freely, for nothing, gratis. 
JJ/_cf^/o#^/', violently, vehemently. 
\^nrjphiuli[t 9 side-ways, obliquely. 
[\^qqujli[t 9 directly , perpendicularly , in a 

straight line. 
Qlrn-.ujirjiuMijli 9 with or by hand. 
*yi£ufuuitj[i 9 with a sign. 
\\^ tu 3t'9 by or with kicking. 
Z^tujlr[tl/u or <^iylrg[t 9 in Armenian. 
\fppuykijtrplfu 9 in Hebrew. 
^plfiupLfu 9 in the Jewish language. 
QnifuutplyTU , in Greek. 
\]truif r ufiMt-nju 9 alive. 
Wl^ni/pjp, nationally, with whole family. 



1 14 

\\Jlr^Llsi/p 9 wholly, totally. 
6 \ x t'~P lut -' or < >t r m f *l ru "-9 easily, readily, with- 
out trouble, at leisure. 
|Viirfff£-, totally, almost, ever, 
jtjf/f/i/r*., severely, cruelly, rudely, hardly. 
\^u/iifuiut^ 9 before, beforetime, formerly. 
7\Z!fl"-> Exactly; sparingly. 
T^Zfpupwfci-* truly, indeed, really, certain- 

\y/rqJ?n{^ 9 softly, gently, slowly, mildly, 
quietly, peaceably. 

[\iuputig or p.iupt.n^iuu^u^ well, rightly. 

'!*£&£, naturally, by nature, radically, ori- 
ginally. 

/^u//z-m/PW£ or jiun-.ui$ni-ij, before, already; 
primitively, formerly. 

'j* Jluuiil;, partly, in part. 

{\y*L 9 too , much, too much, very much, 
most. 

i^tupJ-uAp , worthily, justly. 

^*n-uiL.ouwt- or utfL.ujt-ouini~ij , in the morning. 

i^iub^uMifiuy exceedingly, excessively, immo- 
derately, extremely. 

XY*iunn.l{ont/is , Jlu p rj-l^iu put p 9 i/lupr^fyiuufeu , 

humanly, as a man. 

\\[nnui£nL.uin, from without, outwardly. 

i^uj/uiT^inn^ 9 thenceforth, thenceforward. 

^y 9 njb£uitfi , so much, so many. 

YPfcufufriuJuMJu, at once, together. 

']* <yt»pL.uiiig[* 9 superficially, carelessly. 

Y m pwf- wpwi-> fast, hastily, quickly, speedi- 
ly, soon. 



i lb 

Weil"* 1 * "Ftr^C* "Ft™* 1 * as - 

l^iuJhfitju, totally, wholly, altogether. 

\^if- 4wjf> in vain, needless, to no purpose. 

\\jl£* J T e yi!y 9 divei rsly , otherwise ,contrarily . 

\ l %f uMiRruiuJUy altogether, totally, wholly. 

\^LJu j>iuu qp-u, more and more. 

Wj ut H^ t0 3 an/bulk"* so, in this manner. 

\\jff.iqlfu 9 qjnjuuiku, so, thus, in that man- 
ner . 

\ k m Juui^u i ^nfiiiii^u^ thus, in that manner. 

*y f Jhfuiuuit;u, in like manner, so, thus. 
y f nfuoplfutu^ 9 alike, so, thus. 

Wt a p!^ ua k * a '^ e 9 equally , in the same 
manner. 

O fcgupij-t npufeu tffwjpff, as, like, how. 

O npopjfuiulis as, for example. 

^lupiu^iup , badly , sadly , ill , miserably, 
cruelly. 

Wjl^fH^Vf tujiuint^uifLUip, diversly , other- 
wise . 

i^ujjufiift, jujjufiJLuujffu , evidently, clearly, 
openly, publicly. 

\ytrfypis, i/Irf/uopl/u , explicitly, plainly, open- 
ly, clearly. 

| m. 'ft int., publicly, openly. 

/\v«/a"/i£_Zr 5 9 h cruiS-nL-fy , cr user l^iu pus p , ijufu^ 

fu[uj£>uj£/ 9 secretly, in secret, under hand. 

| n-k-Jruyii , in-frlt faffi* , silently , tacitly, quietly. 

t^fri-ptufEiup, easily. 

[\n5*[, 9 pnfuiufwip, forcibly, by force, vio- 
lently. 



n6 

*\\J-nt-iupuML- 9 hardly, not easily, scarcely. 

'1* ^wpikf ^ek****-* necessarily, inevitably. 

!^iul£uiJuyu } unwillingly ,forcibly,with regret. 

\^iui/ui^m[i 9 'fr fyiuJiuliuipnL-tj, willingly, vo- 
luntarily, readily. 

O rtL.n 9 ft *Wi-P 9 inuiniuu^uipinnL.a 9 thuiniu^ 

*yw[/, faq- 'l^/p, J [t'uu/u[tp 9 in vain, vainly, 
to no purpose, without any reason. 

m^u&if.^upt 9 unfitly, improperly, amiss, ab- 
surdly. 

iy^uMUifJjuiU) ignorantly, unknowingly. 

% y 3 tfb^uii-i by fraud, fraudulently, deceit- 
fully. 

'|* ilh-plint~[j 9 nakedly. 

^Lrinfi, <£Itui[muiu 9 On foot. 

^y f npn%. , newly, recently, freshly , lately, 

just now. 
\?mJ u £ m b> uyugufu, so much, so many. 
\ k m j»ti!H n t 9 u Ot£ Uj€ *'> so muc h, so many. 
l\ci u "i r > npguA, as much, how much, how 

many, as far. 

^ujJu/lJii-LUifiujh 9 ifjiLuUn^ujiTiufu 9 ft Jpiuiuffu 9 

tun- <$ujuuj£iiu/£, together, altogether, all 
at once, wholly, totally, completely, en- 
tirely, in the mean while. 

(* turn, much, many, greatly, a great deal, 
very, enough. 

Qtudfctn, tun.tuL.lr^ more, at most, too much, 
very much. 

\*nL.uiL-tri_L-u, more than. 

\\iutfuJL, 9 uiulfiuL. Jfc 9 uujfyuit-nfy nb^j funtlu up 9 

funuu {fc^i */"ipp *$% tyfe A^l» 4"*pf 9 & 



n 7 
£uunk 9 little, but little, some, somewhat, 
something, less, in a small quantity. 
^viut-uiliiuuiuujlju , sufficiently, well enough, 
duly, tolerably. 



CONJUNCTION 



A Conjunction is an indeclinable word 
which connects the parts of speech together, 
or one sense with another. 



A COLLECTION OF CONJUNCTIONS. 

J # *i-, L. or n^ 9 and, or. 
|^£_«#, L-u L-, L- L-u 9 "*/[> "ill!?-* ^ JUJ ^-9 *iiiuL-u 9 

fiu% 9 rj-iupZh-iui^ also, too, still, yet, more, 

even . 
X^ujiT, L. fytuiT, fytuiTp^l?, P^k f £7^£f or, 

either. 

puytj uiuliiuju , puyg ifyuyU , fuyg tr[£t? , JJt^ 

uifii } JJiujju (3-t? f jiufu (£1-, t-p~h *»ij but, 
only, unless, except, save, nevertheless, 
notwithstanding, however, yet, provided, 
upon condition that, if not. 

(()*£ Zl-, p-kuikui, (3~l^uik:utL- , though , al- 
though, however. 

(()*£ L- "^, though not. 

iXL^P-k, tec "L^P-k, no, not. 



n8 
[Y^Jfrufji', not only. 

it is, tliat is to say, to wit. 

ujfu (3-k> as, if it were. 
J *«/*/* npnt-iTy as, how. 
X^pffbtub [iffir , qnpoplfbiuli, as, for example. 

Wet > *- "Ft » "ol "vr ■ ewa ^c/t > b u k 

wprf-t uiuiutpl/ut then, therefore, in conse- 
quence, now. 
\\jb ib> rather. 

qfr , lufutiL- q[r j iuhi afr } € Uu* y[i , npnJ^trmL. , 

iljfuij for, because, that, whereas, foras- 
muchas, in order to, to the end that, since. 

f Jn.^ , where. 

\)p f that. 

1 upu f tiL-nlrtfii f iuu[UJp_t/lj 9 luujlu iit^nlrtfh , %iu 
nt-pirlfh y nt-uuin , uiuuU npni f utiup m ijiu tt-UJ l. . 
uuJtU hph y n-ilpu hnh y ^Uujfu hph y tutuni-^lr^ 

uiL-y then, therefore, wherefore, in or by 
consequence, for this reason. 

*J\fiiif f_pu& (3-1? y turuuJL-lrtj ifufu iu i^uJh rz. > jw^, 

L-t?ui f e uui> p-nqjp-l?) than, rather, at most, 
on the contrary. 

so that, till, untill. 

or ium!rp-I?, if. 
\*u{ijj P-h "i_> otherwise. 
*\*hP-y t"iiky tf-iftitriujj at least. 
({)*£, h-ftky h- ftk> lb> puyy puiiT, np f that. 



1 1< 

INTERJECTION 



An Interjection expresses the passions of 
the soul. 



A COLLECTION OF INTERJECTIONS. 
I ^puflM^ , h-ftuHiJi f^k } juhiliuip^r f fal? [3-1? , 

ftgfiu > nt[j o^_, would to God, may it be! 

IY > ni[j ntj^pi? } puZpl? , i/iu^t Oh! oh! WOI1- 

derful! see! o God! 

duiiy ui ui f uiihunu y lunt^uj , lut-iuri, trnni_l{ y 

puip.1? , oh! alas! woe be to! poor ! wretch 
that! 
l| ti/jr, i/ui^i/J^y ii<; #/<£, oh joy! 

a! ah! 

IVj » "'£> ftp 1 m/P • o! fie! P ish! 

tvz£» ^tumu* ) 0% , <£«u n , come, come on, 

cheer, well well. 
Mwugrj forbear. 
1^5- , ^£7 , bring, come. 
1/4 » ^4 f**lP > come, come bring. 



I 20 

SYNTAX 

Syntax is the due conjunction or con- 
nexion of the parts of speech. 

Substantives agree with each other in three 
ways . 

1. When another substantive is added to 
express and explain the former more fully, 

as, \|<2£»"t«*«f*£**i- f^lrffk ^u&a.tr/td . With 

Cleopatra his daughter. \f>m y\\*£»*im*rpm ^^ 
^m-vtrp ftL.fi . he has given Cleopatra his 

daughter . ( pPlfL. ll?lJr m ?£"ft $ fc'-p n, Lf* t f*f*~ 
p^tmm^J% \iupujjLji[i . to visit his brethren the 
children of Israel . 

2. When one thing is said to belong to 
another, as, c | */*/!£ $ta<jrfr*& {jk» mkm "t MV/ ,#, ~ 

tnnuh nnn.L.nj ■ |iitffcv[L£r nnri-L.ni ^pm^ittSm^ . 

the book of the generation of Jesus Christ, 
the son of David, the son of ' Abraam. Qtyffu 

tI/£LUjnL.p[r iu n-Lunfruj r t ph *fi*# p**-prj. ■*»& Stk%r*H*£k'* 

gave the apostles witness of the resurrection 
of the Lord. 

5. When a substantive or gerund like a 
verb governs another substantive, as, {^trm 

JT*tp*Jfafcl*k-fLfcrmU ^tpmtmfL^mmU ^ptJiuninnr-P-t-iLf^/h. 

after that we have received the knowledge of 

the truth. \*"\»*m$£ »t-fftJU nL-uni-ga/ulru 'kW"b 
m^m{- n P n 3 h '^rjrfd-u/linuu luifirUujfu <^nLyiar£> 

trii . thou teachest all the Jews which are 
among the Gentiles to forsake Moses. {\<yg 



12 1 



blasphemy against the ( Holy ) Ghost shall 
not be forgiven . 

Substantives agree with Adjectives when 
governed by the same, as, IJ^r. $mn***\"*t«*t+ 

tffulyUiM IftffMfrli nnp uild-iP iiftuuiiflrqujU . UntO US 

they did minister the things, which are now 
reported. O &hnqu ufuiupi^nL^. disobedient 

to parents. \j*jk*t** jmp&*»-% '£ 4"xA? • a ree d 
shaken with the wind. *\*Erqtrtjfe£ 'fi uih-utu^ 
%h-i_j L-^yiuqgp 'ft fytytufynt-p . that is pleasant 
to the sight, and good for food. \p*. '£ \m^ 

%mUy tj-fJuuJL-npujtj n^»m\my~j> . and of the chief 

women not a few. \^wlru |*jp J]* y \ $-%£ . he 
saw a man which was blind from his birth . 

1>*- 1 p.nuttP tjn jy£.mtpmkJU injd- mt»mJbm& t ^~ 

m^mjim^, L- «*{i-«^ . and Abram was very 
rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold. [**uyg 

but Rachel was beautiful and well-favored . 

pnt-P^lnuu . sound in faith, in charity, in pa- 
tience. | *£. 4-&k 'fc #r^L % ^itsb ^c uu i ujuuM ~ 

L-nji . but he that is greatest among you shall 
be your servant . l|pt»»&p<»f »/*• ;*ff £* ^"C 1 " • 
the youngest of his sons. 

The Comparatives govern generally the 
Accusative with the preposition *«»%, as, /\A 

fyiupft fCpmk-lhpmfrtjU +mU hI^h^ bqtrp . for thou 

art much mightier than we. \Yh^ ***** l{>"4r 
%m% 4 n#«/in . # greater than Jonas is here. 
Also the Middle nouns govern different 

9 



1 22 

cases, as, |V>«" \ V"" r ^l!*- bee 1 *- 1$ % ^V 

behold, the man ( Adam ) is become as one 

of US . {Y*\ mg u ['£ i t r ugh' qufliJfii fit-n J ^ fymUmU«m^ 

£&«*g ♦ how can he be clean that is horn of a 

jy+± 'fr Jyu^. though he be not far from every- 
one of US, O Mtjj."^ ^| f»*i>l?\»y mUffc n^uilruft . 

but other of the Apostles saw I none. 

CONCORDANCE OF ADJECTIVES WITH 
SUBSTANTIVES. 

i . The adjective may be placed before 
or after the substantive; joined, or divided 
from it. 

2. The adjective may or may not be of the 
same case or number with the substantive. 

5. The governing preposition may be 
placed either before the substantive or adjec- 
tive, or before both being repeated. 

Examples, 
by the word of God, which liveth and abideth 

of ever . IJ^^Jfc h_ $m*t*mft\ffc L. ufultrn-iu^ 

tf-nph- frmpmUmJb . by a greater and more per- 
fect tabernacle, not made with hands. 9 \^ ^ 
piuj 4t{*v »f»p"&»$ g * sn C UM • upon the smooth of 

his neck, \ptftlruglru qJJtu 'unpiu ^ *ff «*-«f *fr w 

£-»£. seethe his flesh in the holy place. \\ u*uu 
unlVuujju t^fr^j ^mtmfi^m%^ . for all the migh- 



123 
ty WOrks . *\^iup£ufu i\\pnL.uujn^t/ % jmUm*.m^ 

^h^i^h^h^ g ^LtP~^ M ^ ru '3 ' returned they unto 
Jerusalem from the mount called OWvet. \^l. 

Jigr^Hifyg,* Luu piuli tiunfuu qnL.niifutfijuuJ ***»»*&■* . 

and he will shew him greater works than 

these . 1 £»l. u<Lumd-lruJq 1 uuini-Uiar q(Y)ujpuj^ 

pin. and the Lord plagued Pharaoh aud his 
house with great plagues. \\i»*^ m fcf$k*& •"'-fc- 

kbs (tt-pufbfii* jb~ mi ZJ faqdufhk • the half-cur- 
tain that remaineth, shall hang over the back- 
side of the tabernacle. [\*~p L- [ufcylA •}»&**-**„ 

l£""tit ^« 4 -^ J t lffr|?J • f° r tbey shall hear 0/ 
dfcy great name, and 0/ thy strong hand, and 
0/ 2%* stretched-out arm. \^1fi* iffi* JJjf "p «*-~ 
5^4"/' ^/v t^ir^^rft***^ **4j** Mm }? JW^^mm* there 
came a woman having an alabaster-box 0/ 
ointment of spikenard, very precious . ^t-up 

IjS ^P *UuwlruJi<m$****- pLUpApnt-[3-lrufit II. 4h^ 

? m ftl?j • I saw also the Lord sitting upon a 
throne, high aud lifted up. $¥(* , ♦£,♦"♦£# '$ 

m«m%^t{.«^ £l_ *f*"f^**f fynpnt-uufupqlru . JLiOrO, Wilt 

thou slay also a righteous nation? y \* Sm^m^ 
jy$jmtmmffe %#*%*>-»$ sftp/ftruj qftu . o deliver me 
from the deceitful and unjust man. [\uyrj «njr~ 

H+*m dujpn-lfiuii njnn l^tupl? <^^iuqaiUfi.lri*4jmJU 
Ll. umklm»& Lu »i% ft-niJuop. ifiw^iiipfrpph • but 

the tongue can no man tame: it is an unruly 
evil, full of deadly poison, i^yi^uJni-Uu m^u, 
uiUuu L. joimupiuZiujuu . with divers and 



124 

strange doctrines . Yji- ^uipuu fr^t^v » ,m \r~ 
wfcmfi. of the promise made unto our fathers. 

'1* plrnufunj ^«J«i-« L- hfhy \Jt m &5 ^luuuiuiiniru^ 
gfc uiiftrUiuJu pufu . Ill the mouth of tWO OV 

three witnesses every word may be esta- 
blished. *\ 3 nj kp *«kj ^4^rHr w 3- Noah was 
six hundred years q\&. \tppL. mu^m^uc^ ^ffrw 
r *«*b . about Jif teen furlongs off. ^>.^y^«c 

pt n -P n P r J r [ 1 b- *h dfrnt-.iT utiPp jutduhrusifu gun-tup^ 

ftm-iP. in the six hundredth and first year, 

in the first month. |V;^t^f f^"3 ISr^ ^ *k?~ 
TCum-.It j[ig.+ L- *uui ujuI? f ujjn */)»£*£ . whether 
ye sold the land for so much? and she said, 
yea, for so much . |\j/» tyuujfiup . such a 
one as this is. O fc ^mhJ^Jbf mj**fe»)$ 'ft 
ltrn-.iuij unpiu fpupgpii. that even such mighty 
works are wrought by his hands. {>»*"£ **>%** 
£*♦*£ 4!r t-u » IpiMtP $"$4? & , »*jp i {jpT i tr i *k • what is 
thy country'? and of what people art thou? 
Il^-^f ***♦♦* "'f***^***- q-iuuifip. with what judge- 
ment ye judge. 0^\^ ^»» 4- ^^ fyuiiT y^»£ 
jmUymU* Iru friT. what is my trespass 9 what is 
my sin? ^ufuq-trpZ $-frp»4? *&»%+> &- tfmppm^ 
pmfceHm*- $kpfl> *-£*»*- »SmSfr . with £^e elders, 
and with a certain orator named Tertulus. 

l*a-[iin ^pt*mj i»& ufuniSu | t^ftL.quiu . and 

found a certain Jew named Aquila. ']* <jn^ 
t/ni-I? ujingk. from one shepherd. O £m% yu^ 

«/£-£. utn- t p&-q <£iuuni-.qiifiihnlru , A_ **!*+* {^i f«C 

**m*n*mU ffisplrujiq* n.iumlruqlru , Every great 
matter they shall bring unto thee: but every 
small matter they shall judge. c (j«"* uiuufufr^ 



12^ 



m*U*t-mtml*li fc& guiul^Luqtriuilru^ ujiu Nhpu i\ y 

typ,mi-mtf,% . but now they desire a better 
country, that is, an heavenly, l^n-ufug hpfe 
fuij^lrfMtf . doubting nothing. 'J* ^u/^JJ.*-*^ 
£uj£>uj[3~nuij . the next sabbath (or sabbath- 
day . ) Wji^'I'P pufu["-ji pwaJqg . with many 
other words. |V. "mJ^p"^ 1 ^ • by ^ ie °ther 

kine. ']* r^iunJuuii^fe^^k-fm+mU^t-p f ft £iuplrujg 

2/rpng . in turning away every one of you 
from his iniquities. '|* ^p 1 "] rfy m-pni^ f fi 
ijrpufuij . upon some mountain. 

Notwithstanding the great licence in the 
use of adjectives the following rules must 
be generally observed. 

1. The adjective placed after the sub- 
stantive must agree with it in number and 
case, as, ^ujpujJp^ Jlr&ujJLr&og, with great 
stones. qopnL.[}^[iL.%£> uyuiij[iufa3, such mighty 
works . 

2. The adjective placed before a substan- 
tive does not agree with it, excepting the 
monosyllable adjectives, as, Jh-&iuiflr& jiw^ 
nuji/pg., with great stones. i y JU {[' lJ l t qopn*-*, 
P-fiL^jf.9 such mighty works, tyi^/l^p fuJbfi^p 9 
with other words. 9 fi upp.nL.iT mlrnun^ in the 
holy place. 

3. When a verb or participle is before 
the substantive and after the adjective, the 
adjective agrees readily with the substantive, 

as, uJuwnL-UJ&ujfunLlaliul? qonnt-P-lrujiIp., he 

armeth with divine force. tuuinnuiuS-iyunu^aJt^ 



126 

1utruMf^qo[tnt-[3^t'ujJfi 9 armed with divine force. 
4- An adjective with the article or the 
letter distinctive of the person, placed before 
a substantive, agrees with it in number and 
in case, but not always, as, Jk-arunfu L. fyuj^ 

uiuintrinthi u- ufUdihrrL.iutL.nnor funnLUUiuiJu , by 

a greater and more pe? % fect tabernacle , not 
made with hands. 

5. When there are many substantives be- 
fore one adjective only, the adjective is in 
the plural, and agrees with them, as, {)«"- 

L.nL.nh- ■ XnifhtuP-uJu "ftnlrt^p, L- uJr nlr aft 1^11- 

i[uijlrinL-2j>, Saul and Jonathan (were) lovely 
and pleasant. 

6. The governing preposition is joined to 
the case which precedes it, whether sub- 
stantive or adjective, as, jtuunL-ufuk-iu^ilrn-^ 
*ul/u 9 from the mount called, 'ft Jlupn^nj ilh-nut^ 
t-npl? 'ulruu-uMLnftl?, from the deceitful and un- 
just man. 

7. When the adjectives or substantives 
placed before are joined with the conjunction 
tm 9 and, the governing preposition is applied 

to all, as, lufutrnSr II. jiuumpmui It- jufujJi-UM^ 

n-ujtP ^ujn-ufua-nL.ftfcifiiu, to an inheritance in* 
corruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not 

away . *h ^foujijufun-nuf^fetfu L. 'ft <^trnnuifu 

wptrufifu, unto obedience and sprinkling of the 
blood . 

8. When the adjective or substantive 
placed before is simple, and many substan- 
tives or adjectives follow, the governing pre- 



I2 7 



position governs the first word, and the se- 
cond and third which follow; however not 

alwajS, as, '[> £utp [unp<$pn-ng , f fr puthfij L. 

f fr tf-np&ng, from evil thoughts , words j and 

iVOrks . uutjp utpfiuuuj^lrn^ L. qittrita-UJi-np , the 

bloody and deceitful man. 

CONCORDANCE OF PRONOUNS. 

The personal pronouns h-u, I, tj.nL., thou, 
fepit, he or himself, are substantives, and as 
substantives agree with adjectives, as, \] umJu 
£trp fytrq&uiL-npiutj , of you hypocrites. 

\ty>u signifies sometimes self, as, \^u ffugu 
Jlupij. tnT* I myself also am a man. 

The definitive pronouns uut, t^ut, 'uiu, he 
{she, it) are substantives, and so agree with 
adjectives, as, '\^nput jtrmf/bpn- . these last. 

I >*- fyiuiP jfuptruflMp unpin lUuuiuqlrU , Or else 

let these same here say. 

The definitive pronouns unfit, n-nfii, 'unfit, 
this, that, same, are adjectives, and so agree 
with substantives, as, '|* unfit or 9 [i uJ]fu ut„ 
t-m-p. on this day, or in the course of this day, 
or to day. \*uw n-Jfe oplfuujl£[i . in the like 
manner. ']* 'uifjfii nu/uif.ni^uj&nj . of the same 
lump. i\npna-utfP~ } fc *""{** LU<u k3b ■ i n t° that 
very destruction let him fall. |^£- uJJfit ujjuJJtli 
autJIruujfit ifryP- f fi iflf^jun-kiULj and besides 
this, giving all diligence. 

The definitive pronouns ujju, this, "yi-> 
utfu, that, are generally adjectives, but some- 



12 



8 



times substantives , as , O /r°S^ ^np&hralrp 
quiff-, what is this that thou hast done? \\j" 
Iru Sfunifuij-ji npr^t-ntju [ f y^ ♦ these are the 
generations of the sons of Noah , \\iyu h-p^ 
l^nuu muiuML-fipuMUu . on these two command- 
ments .' I liritf i*'il u P* at h JjtJhrufuu trprL.ifntSliUi 

tupiuplriuL^ t?p+ who had made this conspira- 
cy, 1 >P~h knjfiiii f?3*y puut pufiihu t/Ircrn ujj^ 

un cbk * whether there hath been any such 
thing as this great thing is? ']* ^ J pt ruJ 3t^."3 
juyt£ijufut? ♦ of this thy wickedness. {^qP-^t 
uyq-nL-fili ♦ by this epistle, ^uut mJIrUiufu pm^ 

*uhqu tujunqftfy , It- puin tnilhfuinju uifruifrufuu 

tyunpfr/f ♦ according to all these words, and 
according to all this vision , \>pufi*ft »p upu^h 

qpLufu tliupa.iupl^nL.p-lrufuu tjufju ♦ blessed is he 

that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy . {\^q^ 
nJ? juyn-Jufut? ♦ of this generation . \^^f*%fL 

crutn^uJjjiq Jinn ujjunqhl[ jhuhfa ♦ the life of 

these fifty thy servants, \jkyglrsF } fi ^ftLufu^ 

n-ni-P-Irul? mucnfi [ttfl/%- jinjudinut? ♦ shall I re- 
cover of this disease? O gufu yy t nt[ut?.u x nnp 

n inning uflfu ♦ ♦ ♦ ipJin I umni^iucr pjfuwu It- ^hpp^. 

lll*£_uMn-ujfJruin ♦ this Moses, whom they re- 
fused , . . the same did God send to be a ruler 
and a deliverer. 

The possessive pronouns fuPy my,j>n, thy 9 
ifh-p, our, £lrp 9 your, t"-p, his, his own, are 
adjectives. When they are without substan- 
tives, receive either the articles », ^, l, or 
the adverbs m»^, m%^, as, %\\d k umJItuujju 
ffu^j L. * fa £ty ***(*£ uinuuiL-jilrqj all things come 



12 9 

of thee, and thine own have we given thee . 

^ ujTj o-lr ijj i~ iht-nnq a-npcrnq u/uinp , npu^l^u L- 

J^umnt-m&- jfiL.fiuijn^h ♦ he also hath ceased 
from his own wo? % ks, as God did from his. 

The pronouns possessive derived fciftujffu 
or fcjhj[fu , my , Ztrpujjlfu or Ih-pnjjfu y your s, 
are put before the substantives. 

The pronoun relative np, who , which, 
what, that, is substantive, and in different 
manners agrees with antecedent and follow- 
ing nouns, as, \\i? x "C ni Lp n L. wkuufufitjlru t 
L. uiljUMufu npnu\g n^fufctjlru, Eyes that they 
should not see, and ears that they should not 
hear. | nt-wL. 'ft 'nt/Ii/iil? ifuiuii np J fr ^f^tf" 1 * 
umu i^ftunuu ^un-iumn^ii, heard him concer- 
ning the faith in Christ. O fi Jf! ffu^_ trfy/ruijl? 

b t ikv u O f"f* J n C n 3 r t nl -'£- t h iUU kp. } that none 
of these things which ye have spoken come 

Upon me. [\pni-iF fuurj.pl; '£.£,£%+ uint-p , Zl np 
fyiutfp ifrn/u LunSu nL.f h x» lfu X ifh n^UipAncqu/ulrp 

qk-plruu, give to him that asketh thee, and 
from him that would borrow of thee turn not 

thou away. 'I* ihufu"X*uju uiLni-pqu ujjunqftlj fuo^, 
uhrqtUL. pun- g fl rt J nptL.i^nthj y *wp &~n~ <£-uin~.ufua-. 
tu iflru uifu ft j npnJu- nj in t-fsui £r ufli uU tun tun y np 

4* [n/u tfiiun-ujij , hath in these last days spo- 
ken unto us by his son, whom he hath appoin- 
ted heir of all things, by whom also he made 
the worlds . Who being the brightness of his 

glory. |jY£_ luujuiifh-iug \Ynt]ul?u Yfywpnuft aiu^ 
tflruujpj upuuitj.ujJuV unp uin-iuplriuq tjUuJ ^ 4/» t 

and Moses told Aaron all the words of the 



i3o 
Lord who had sent him . |^n uiJLrbujjh wpp 

uiumU *hnnui % phuinCrpUp tu UJp&ui[3-ujq^liUp^ np 
hff u % f UK 13t vu 3 ouiiujiiug f P~£ifiUJUilrujq qUnuiu , 

and all the men of his house, born in the 
house, and bought with money of the stran- 
ger, were circumcised with him. \\"png t^niTu 
9 ft [uuq-fvp k-pP^k-iu^J^ftp 9 which thou wentest 

tO Seek. \\p n g qu*p[tL?isU H\fiqiuinnu lumnSuh-iutf 

ffLiq- tjn^uii *ungui , whose blood Pilate had 
mingled with their sacrifices. \*n- np Jiuumi-^ 
glrui[_^{§ tjjytfh fyLrUtf-ufufi , to whom coming, as 
unto a living stone. [\py ut-ptfu ftt-p } ft %J^u , 
whose seed is in itself . JjuL d-nnnifh-^ffu , np 
TUJirty L- np uiulpui. | and gathered, some more, 
some less. 

The articles-distinctive-of the persons u 
of the first, q- of the second, % of the third, 
besides showing the persons joined to the 
terminations of words, have also the force 
of the English articles a and the, and give 
energy and ornament, as, §kp "- l] u*pq-w~ 
mlrui (without any article) Lor d and Master, 
but with the article u so, §kp" &- l] wp^-ui^ 
uitrwu, it may have three senses: i°.^/ who 
am a Lord and a Master. 2 . This Lord and 
Master. 3°. My Lord and Master. So $k["l- 
L. |] iupr^uiuilruiq- , i°. Thou who art a Lord 
and a Master. 2°. That Lord and Master. 
5°. Thy Lord and Master. Likewise ^kff" "- 
\] ujpq-ujtulruTU , i°. His Lord and Master. 
z°? That Lord and Master. 3°. The Lord and 
the Master. O njp i^kw bikujijh'u ^ppuyi- 



\*upuyk[fj9 after whom is the King of Is?*ael 

COme OUt? \^lrq/iu ufuiuupuin 4*> Lu onu uiiuniu^ 

J-uiiflrui^j this is a desert place , and the time 

is nOW past. O f**b£_ fcpg. LrU* fjiuuli npnj A- w 

kfet 9 what is the cause wherefore ye are 
corned 1^^3-4" t***t t b p /J Ln f t UJ t ut P tt 1 fj u waStLfe^ 
11*"^ IfP it^L. d?**bsfa 9 *f they do these things 
in a green tree, what shall be done in the dry? 

V**- t nt - iL'cibt & n "bu^ik > ire »£thrty 

qj^uiu<^iul£, take now thy son, thine only son 
Isaac, whom thou lovest . \* M puiuip[fu JTupn-u 
ifk-p } our outward man. O $%iJ*gh ^ Mm.£% 
Ijttfii jiunfuh-ij what the rising from the dead 

should mean? ^Y'trJfutrijuipnL^y 9 fr ifesu/uurtj uj^ 
pufhq fuuuiUJUpuiiuijnL lyq-nnfify , depart (1 pray 

you) from the tents of these wicked men. {|^c 

n ufbnu iiuiuquful? Irljirsnnu pi"]- i ^ ri J% Oj these 

men who have companied with us. [Yif_u*piup 

qfuni-fu U. u^uiifp y auilfiiiupU U- ^Jt n JP » WtlO 

maketh the dumb, or deaf, or the seeing, or 
the blind? \p/fuJj^> 9 fi <$mpuufu[tuu , come unto 
the marriage. \\"p trur^ tyufutriP) in the midst 

whereof I dwell. i^t-pffgnt^lf uitu. ^^inj[inu u\t^ 
P^lb > 1"P bun. ufrptrtP ^pdwpuini-P-triutfp. , the 

elder unto the well-beloved Gaius, whom I love 
in the truth. O fr n^p k-uu ftgLnTt L- q-nt-g ufzuf 
bgkgf that where I am, there ye may be also. 

O np tj-nt-ij- luiifulru , that thoil doest. ()/"**-*/* 

tj-nifu 4k u U^ r 3^ r C ^ t° w h° m thou bearest wit' 
ness. UY^2_«"*- ^t-qu &-tP, being yet present 
with you . O np %tuju lunOul; , what things 
soever he doeth . O np uuyu usnSulj , which 



i3a 
this man hath done, ^ttum&pg^ qnp puw„ 

plrusgq- [tiL.p §hp f qp n l_t r ll %fjt*i& ij-nnuj J'**^ 

iflruhru[fu r ft Zln]_y see ye him whom the Lord 
hath chosen, that there is none like him among 
all the people, [\*j^ h "p luul^t^ gjjrtj^y who it 
is that saith to thee. [ l *Z"[- npnctP £_ ^luJuip^ 
£uililruj[jjL fuoufuPf before whom also I speak 

freely . O p^/uuAujg uipfuujp<£ftu ujiunphfy pn^ 

fuiuifciijulrilriuiju , of the princes of this world 
that come to nought. O fruipq. tujJ-i/n. mh-uiu^ 
^#4" , but by what means he now seeih. [\[i"ik u 
L. fyufhfuujLfii u/ul^fi , as I have also told you 

in time past. ]*"£ jnp n^Lt [ijIrU un^iu JtrpZ y 

klJC k ^~ ii u i^ M g nL - 1 but he that lacketh these 
things is blind, and cannot see afar off 

CONCORDANCE OF VERB. 

The verb which is not a participle, or 
infinitive, is governed by a nominative, as, 

1 ^ufyqiiuful? tuniup I uwnt-tuSr 1&~nfyffli ml. q£rp~ 

%/?£/ f in the beginning God created the heaven 
and the earth . | A£_ k-p^f} p hp ufuk-pL-yP- L. 
ufumiuuipiuuin y and the earth was without 
form, and void. \^i- ^n^fr ^umm^S-y 2P$hc 

*t 'Iku 1 ^ 2m l -C3 ' an< ^ t ^ ie Spirit °f God moved 
upon the face of the waters. 

The participle and the infinitive are ofteu 
governed by a genitive, as, *\ } uj[u hruufuffu* 

i/jfUi^Li. 4" ifirstrtui usrL. Iinuui t/u/hi^iupuipAuiq y 

they are delivered ere the midwives come in 

UntO them . f\fifSriii£_ trptfu[stj f L. ft£uttitr[^ -i^n^ 



i33 

U-t-ttjU uppnj ♦ ♦ ♦ L. 1~u*L~ ^ u jfi t J^P^bd 9 *he 

heaven was opened, and the Holy Ghost de<* 
sc ended ... and a voice came from heaven. 

In like manner are governed the preter- 
perfect, and the preter-plu-perfect tenses for- 
med by a participle, and a substantive verb, 
as, \?t- n^ ^mkp {^u/^fi^p* p^h [Y^^i^a 

ffi n P["-P"J tLnquitjh-iu[Jt?p qhnuiu , for Jacob 

knew not that JS.achel had stolen them . 'J^o/^, 

pufu tLnph-h-iut If *ht/2u ft *l£nnuful? uipu&rj iuL.h\j. 

[ft ^ufii tyyiun-uMuniSu , there lie in wait for him 
of them more than forty men. 

The accusative cannot properly govern a 
verb, but is subject to it, as, \^l. wpi- nprn^ 

<£lruil£~ woo- lr tip, 1 uuini-crni , n< upupinhilh 

^guifuinninul^i-ni IpuiP uiph-iufid-nj l^iutPniuph f 

np ft "ZCuipuiuipnt-P-lrUt? It- 'A iTtniuq tfiu p rt-lpiiU 

Diiftiniulpriui P*}** qtuuuini-ujcruifyufifu /[fulrf 

*uJufunq_, forasmuch then as we are the off- 
spring of God, we ought not to think that the 
Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, 
graven by art and maris device. 

The nominative of nouns agrees gene- 
rally in number with a verb which is not a 
participle or infinitive, excepting those with- 
out singular number, or collective, as, (\wl 
p!rtuL, "Ui^^i^ f rip n £_ ^CuMitiu^jfii i^shp > there 
arose another generation after them, which 
knew not the Lord. \jS^ JJimpufij piuqdht-^ 

P^piUfis 9 Ll fuiifutrqujL- f q[i luiftfij ipi-puMpiuii^ 

jjii-fi [Jrqnuu [uouh-^funtjui 9 the multitude came 
together, and were confounded because that 



x3£ 

every man heard them speak in his own lan- 
guage. 1 vl J-nqntJnt-pi]5t tulfit ntSul^p O tugut^ 
njiiui) It- qtuptfutuiutpu phrL. tiuaflrflt %nnu§ > and 

the people waited for Zacharias, and Jjiarv el- 
led thai he tarried so long. 

The nouns joined with the conjunction t~ , 
and, sometimes agree, sometimes not, as, \*t- 

iftrcrtuqiUL- ujinh injd- jntJ- > It- trnu- 'Unniu tti^ 
tittup h- utpPiutL* jnjct- i crtun-tutp It- tuqutftfulrtUBn^ 

ncrjuip. L. kzj> 9 and the man increased excee- 
dingly^ and had much cattle, and maid-ser- 
vants, and men-servants, and camels, and as- 
ses. \f kf l^ M fa*/* tup^um.. h- n^ftjiup It- 4t«£ 9 3r**K, 

n-iujjz L. uMqujfjLiutriujji) I have oxen, and as- 
ses, flocks, and men-servants, and women- 
servants* 

When the noun, or, pronoun is only one, 
the verb must be of the same person, as, \^u 

djiiuju IfuiuqtruJtljrh t It- uttpiu nt-p Iftfu y I Was 

left alone; where had they been? 

When the persons are different the verb 
agrees with the hrst, as, ^ujint^tf-iu/gtrt/g 

tru ul. t/tuip on IL- Irqjzutpp J2.n y Lu trpl^ppu^tu^ 

tf.u/ultgt^J^^trq_ } shall I, and thy mother and 
thy brethren, indeed come to bow down our- 
selves to thee to the earth? i^npJ-utiP i^ul. L. 
*ituj tljtiufu fcgkg. , between thee and him alone. 

\9 , P~*> ^ ru * "- ^P'h 'unp.uj tutuup^u Jiiupnutr^ 

gutp. > whether it were I or they, so we preach. 
Sometimes the verb is supposed, as, VFkp. 

IjiuL. | u_ tj-nt- uwkqh-h* tflrp » Zl. tf.nphji £tr^ 

n-tutf ^ng utJtrutrplfu tflrj* , we are the clay, 



i35 

and thou our Pottery and we all are the work 
of thy hand. 

The verb active governs generally the ac- 
cusative, as, 1^*- *&fl**Jp 1 uuwl.um& adujpnSi 
h u^ujuil^trp pt-p ♦ puui upuinl^lrpp I uinnt-crtff 
Luniun aUiu ♦ ujpnt- b~ l?tL ujpujp aUnuiu y SO 

God created man in his own image; in the 
image of God created he him ; male and fe- 
male created he them. \j"~ uful^lnug ^uumt-mS- 

aripiufuuiU #1 ^n-lriP Pha. lunb-triu > Ll. Irn. ufhtL. 

tjdluprpj tjnp uuihrnh- > and the Lord God plan- 
ted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he 
put the man whom he had formed. 

Sometimes the letter ^ a sign of the ac- 
cusative is Supposed, as, *[ f w aiujj uiiflruujjufi 
fylrufuu L. l"^l_J h- aiut/lruujju ffi*£_y he givetll 

to all, life, and breath, and all things . \ >*- 

lii/L. up ft ty n l/'JJ *i*npuJ > u- "[fig puff- UM frp ili&jni, 

Ufa f and he took one of his ribs, and closed 
up the flesh instead thereof 

The verb active governs secondly another 
accusative, as, *|^n*- an mnfuh-u qjztroj whom 
makest thou thyself? $*uja-ujL.np antfu uiut/u 
aiXftunt-u i saying that there is another king, 
one Jesus. 

The verbs active as well as the neuter and 
passive govern often their roots in the accu- 
sative, as, 114/' lUJi-huilruujfyufu uhplrqh a^plruj 

I have loved thee with an everlasting love . 
X*jfuj£kuijlru uiuJo(3- iftrSr , they shall be great* 
ly ashamed. 

The verb passive governs generally the 



i36 

ablative, as, ^J'msb n p u*wn*gu*& 'fr Qtruin-, 
*i*l? 9 that it might be fulfilled which was spoken 

of the Lord. <^\u/u^Jt 9 {i ujsjiqnj tiiUuifi &mttfu 

iCufuuj^ , for the tree is known by his fruit. 

know my ( sheep ) and am known of mine. 

The infinitive sometimes is noun, and so- 
metimes verb. 

The preposition ^ put before an infinitive 
has often the signification of an adverb ;«p w 
£mf, i^U^t when, as, ']* uih-uufuh-jij f^t-^t 
fikpliplrurjfi 'ft Jfiinu fct-p , when he seeth thee, 
he will be glad in his heart. 

The infinitive or the gerund with its verb 
increases the signification of it, as, JJ£_7#t^_ 
ni^j^p h[uj£i&ujLiu , he hath whereof to glory. 

I n{3-lf f3-guajuML.nptrinJ [3 uJii-iui-nnlruntru ft 
e/kpwj i ^ r P > /[WiP whnlruBs] uihnlruqlru iHrq } 

shall thou indeed reign over us? or shah thou 
indeed have dominion over us? 

CONCORDANCE OF PREPOSITIONS. 

Prepositions sometimes are put after the 
nouns; they change their places, and are re- 
doubled, as, [\j41 ^UJulruii^l^ffu j\*uwnt-&itj 

fepiuL-ufucfu *JJr[iujj , who knowing the judgement 

of God . I] fr tfb< iijuun~2i*iurL.u iniuf ^utfyuin-iiJ^ 

k n Ptt^' *t < > t y < i"J nL 'P~^ ru ^' wnu*j£u> give none 
occasion to the adversary to speak reproach" 

fully. O <£frw lrn[3 UJ/fflj pujqni-iQ> f -p ^ptffctj 



187 
qnuft L- tA\u*nSutupujj , many of the Jews and 
religious proselytes followed Paul and Bar' 

nab as . ^XtuJlrUiujU cf-uttP apuanjtruig q^trui Irn 

P^uy&t but ever follow that which is good. 

mXnnJ-unP 'ft u{[ y utif[-u Jtnndint^P'lru/bq p 1 %'P 

ufiil£ufufv£j[i£> t when ye fall into divers tempta- 
tions . <^uiuint-.q[fu Hhdi U*Jp ihntuufUiuL nktz. 

puipi-nj , that render evil for good. 

Adjectives are often used as adverbs, as, 

\Y*/r&-ti£5u*& fyiunn-uitjl^i) cry aloud . y^nuiu-u 

nu[3-ufiiujjfiii t L- (d-tr{3-L-u n-iunfuiujlfu f they 
ran and returned. 

On the contrary sometimes adverbs are 
used as adjective&^as, \^nL- e unpiu ni£uwp L. 
usp^uM- jy<J-f and had much cattle* 

Negative adverbs *£$ £ and $, no, not, 
sometimes are put after verbs, as, \^ [um£ 

qjft P-iii(3-iu<^lrnS. 4" > h- IpCnujlpM nub ft f L. nnn^ 

^ a U "£. u il* f l^ t fcgk ****** ^^l^f and the swine > 
though he divide the hoof, and be cloven-footed, 
yet he cheweth not the cud: he is unclean 

to you . 

ACCENTS, OR NOTES OF PROSODY. 



UtrL. y 

9 



2°, |\#i£./3^ or pf3-ufu^ufu (') as, 'uiufu t-p^ 

pnprj- n-iunAtriui tupn. uMjUqfi LUff 1 

5°. ^uipnjli Or nfnpLufy ( P ) aS, nijj qbujprj-i 

nL.pt According to modern usage it is em- 

10 



i33 

ployed as an interrogative point, and as a 
note of admiration. 

5°. |]/ii-/2^ ( ) as, ^^tuqufhti-y p'UnL.p^[iiJu , 

\) c p"4jrk * It is put on the syllable to make 
it short. 

6°. f()*"/*- (^)aS, (*L[i£, fining i It is pilt by 

some moderns upon the letter *. to mark its 

pronunciation as a i/j 

<j°. yuiwp-uipg ('). It is rarely used, 

8°. \jtup-uMiRiujj , the mark of division of 

a word ( w ) . 





PUNCTUATION. 


There are three Points in the Armenian 


3°. 

3° 


, \)utnpuifyl?tn ( , ) 
1] trpptulfiui ( * ) 




OTHER MARKS. 



i°. \)^ui^uj^ui ( ' ) ♦ It is put on the head 
of the letter ^r, when it forms a preposition, 

aS, p y UJti^. ft i 

2°. <I|«ii<#7^£- ("") mark of abbreviation, as, 

5°. ()^^i ( # ) which is one of the three 
columns of a m entire; it is put sometimes to 
mark an entire «/, as, uigmptJJi (uagwiupMufi) f 

muininilf ( ujLunujniij/f ) t 



i3 9 

4°. Xfpkip^u'k (") which marks the vo- 
wels omitted, or the words shortened , as , 

6°. *\\uMmnL.uMif r f,p . The sign, or substitute 
of a word, as, ^ (tu^uuip<^)t 
n°. j\)tu/jruif.fip f Cjper. 

The letters of the Armenian Alphabet are 
used as the Numbers, generally with a line on 
the letter, so 



iu , 


l. 


*\ 


1 00, 


P> 


2. 


*% 


200. 


¥> 


3. 


J > 


5oo. 


nt> 


4. 


Z, 


4oo. 


lr, 


5. 


T-> 


5oo. 


P 


6. 


»> 


600. 


T, 


7- 


£» 


700. 


£.' 


8. 


*y> 


800. 


P> 


9- 


1' 


900. 


5, 


lO. 


5^ » 


1000. 


A» 


20. 


«, 


2000. 


Tj 


3o. 


P 


0000. 


t> 


4o. 


ui , 


4ooo. 


6-, 


5o. 


C> 


5ooo. 


x> 


6o. 


V 


6000. 


**, 


70. 


t"» 


7000. 


2, 


80. 


?'., 


8000. 


S> 


9°- 


£> 


9000. 



NB. o and $> being recent letters, are not 
included in the numeration. 



k{o 



VERSE 



The antient Armenian Verses or Songs 
were not rhymed, as the following for ex- 
ample. 

\>P ffi h Zrntlnifu nifuljp aLuipifnpfy knki/iihlfu «, 

I *"7- h" rjtr julujU ihnnpng tr^iuiil^p , 

■ >£_ n pnnnjU uiuiiftufiitrfypJf uiuqj^n ♦ 

I u{iu (3-lj p n g nifutjp tlhpnuu % 
|>£L uiibnuUnU l?pU uMpfrtLiul^niSliD i 

Bat now they are rhymed generally and 
are composed from five Syllables to fifteen. 
The following few lines are specimens with 
their own translation in prose. 

of 5 Syllables. 

\jl'P ni J^ nM J 2tpJft'MU 

Wfcpui f/tP ^zujplrql/h t 

Jesus, whose name is a love, bind thou 
my heart of ston with thy love. 

off) Syllables. 

1 >nku*i ^uipuu ufuiFlu^ffu t 

\f , ptf UutL - n C *\*t ruil ijt?* t * 

Having been the bride of the immortal 

celestial Bridegroom. 



li! 



of 7 Syllables. 



| M tf"* i £EUJft n-riL- ilrtnqlriu 
I* ^u/un.hufi nuiniuinfiU t 

Valiantly light thou in the public combat. 
of 8 Syllables. 

yipntruj qriuuiiL.ifli nnnJu^ujinni-hu 

Love thou instruction, by which thou wilt 
obtain honor from Heaven, and on earth. 

of 9 Syllables. 

1 ^ul^iulCtriP luquJiJhft ort-iuiuiup , 

Thou dove, ever flying through the air, 
the Ark of the new Noah is thy dwelling, 

of 10 Syllables. 

I m J uo p bnb-h ufuuitruh 'A piunAiuUg 9 

Today the Invisible appears from on 
high; the knowledge of all creatures is di- 
scovered. 

of 1 1 Syllables. 

J \u/huML.np & tuning trphJrgufu &iuq^^p, 
\f'C t t?* aui 'U? i U r b t J- nL ^ tnt f > ufunufui^nin pnt-p„ 
i/iut/p J 

Flowers of rational Plants appeared of 
various tints, and delicious odour. 



1^2 

of i 2 Syllables. 

l\rt/npuify IriP liJiuiutf-niSLiui npujtfu funputU , 
t*\bnt-.[3-£ru£if2i l^tuiniSu , ufuZuidp. ->iun<J-niJii , 
iifuuihruiul£iifu x 

I am a hemisphere round as a pavilion, 
by nature firm, in reality moveable invisibly. 

q/" 1 5 Syllables. 

*\±ntniJifii nnniniFufli ikm ^nulrinjls quASplc 

LlrUiuq y 
I ifihnihlruj/ itrplfphu y tun- 1 n-iupnnU ufurL^ 

plfu n^uipAuJU * 

The roar of thunder having diffused the 
rain of life, is recovered to the heavens, re- 
turning to his Origin. 

of \[\ Syllables. 

I \uApL. luutriniut-np pLiupiunHuuitiuMp piuppiu^ 

n-.tr uqnL.p 
I j^^trqtrl^lrnb-nftyn.nL.uuipp t lf^ph t ^ J [^ i ' llA^jjjjp* 

Let us cry aloud in joyful tidings addres- 
sing thee personally, Church, daughter 
of lofty Sion. 

of lb Syllables. 
iW 'fa 41rC u ll 9 ni -F3l** a t n lH'L. umlrq&ufutffcn 

OLUpiUpUiCfU y 

I uinnt-Ctnj t 

Thou, who brooding on the waters didst 
make creation, descending in the waters of 
the Baptismal fount, dost give birth to the 
Sons of God. 



EXERCISES 

IN THE ARMENIAN LANGUAGE 






1 ♦ I \intrihuhlunu b- npo faf- 5f «/2w I fpfr*- 
qmJlM^ y *Y*iupUnu ♦ 1 *£_£»#! £_#/ifi > u\\t?ni/rfs£nu lu 
^y^uphnU ujhu **\uji-nnu +t^ajjip tUrp II. I #-£" w 
uiuipufiih^j II- ^lUL-uiimunhiP \\ inpn^iuuprin ft 
^\\nhumnu *\hunuu , nn£njU t 

2t ♦ 1 m PJl nifufhp trpfynu Srfytfu h \lnpli[3-nu 
llfiifitlM idhniHi b- \lnl?pnu > n pB fynpSru/lilrn jjflt 

u- iuuiiul^ufUiriUipufijhL.0 ♦ 

3* Ji n p n 3 P^ U ^ J I 1 3 B UrP lu ! r h ni ~ !fi*izupii upup^ 
whti ^iuuufulrj + 

uh piuUu 9 L- n }J u fJ["gi i UMn-uiglrpng k * 

3* UM II UMju^uMih n.[iiiitruQ> tip jf^i p *£.*&* 

fiiiLun | II. np [fit/ h 1inqufut/ii inuutp ♦ ^uiuuiiu^ 

mnuh upu^triQi x 

& ^"U3 J u U uJ bk jy^ nqnpJlrgiui- §kp > 

qp dffiti n-rlt-. fiufy ifiupifhrnJ /Atr. Jlrt^ fru 9 Jfit-u„ 

ufuq-iuiP int-fegni-g t 



THE EPISTLE OF THE CORINTHIANS 

TO ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE. 

(Found in the Armenian Bible as an Apocry- 
phal writing.) 

LORD BYRON'S TRANSLATION. 

i. Stephen, and the Elders with him 
Dabnus, Eubulus, Theophilus and Xinon to 
Paul our Father and Evangelist and faithful 
Master in Jesus Christ, Health. 

2. Two men have come to Corinth, Si- 
mon by name and Clebus, who vehemently 
disturb the faith of some with deceitful and 
corrupt words; 

5. of which words thou should'st inform 
thyself: 

4- for neither have we heard such words 
from thee, nor from the other apostles: 

5. but we know only that what we have 
heard from thee and from them, we have 
kept firmly . 

6. But in this chiefly has our Lord had 
compassion, that, whilst thou art yet with 
us in the flesh, we are again about to hear 
from thee. 



i/ f 6 

IputT ffugjuffi* t nL - ****** ******" *L 4^ tr ut^ jr L^ M kb ^"~ 

fytru^t* ♦ 

8* tftrg <Z a * t - uunu,§ fi% *fi §k[i % &k np**{h** 
juMjufiani^^Jiifu gnL-guiL. \i\xljntfhh-ujj f &r(3-t? 
ihnljh-iiig qj^h"*^ ^ h{* [* £trn~uttj ufuopffuffu t 

tjnn luutrlih uu nt-unuqufutrifii f uiauuitfu t 

10* '4" ujUJpui 'uul/h a\\ lupnuipljthi pl*^ 

n.nt?ulri + 

I I ♦ Zl n£_ 1 umnuauSr tuutrit utiHr%iul^uJi% 

12* h- rt£ luulrU jujpnL.p-ftL?U tfiupHhng Jlr^ 
fL.fr/nn ♦ 

l5* A_ n^nifujpnJh uiutru 9 puiuu uuitrnhrh-iui 
j\umn^nj ♦ 

1 [l* It- **£_'& \lnL.ul?iM Y^uMpftiuifujj ^riuhruMf^ 
uinJulrU am\fiunL.u <l\pfiuuinu iluipltuntflj ♦ 

1 5* b- niquMfJuuip^u tuptupuict lunJuLfh 1 tt, 
uinuitnj f ***// *^P* r ?** 1u *%h nt-pnL-ffu * 

1 D* 1 pn- thnjP~ tufiiApu ^**l9bp ^wuufulrt 
tun- tflrnx 

1 7 * it u * n * u * u g q~uijP-utAqnL,p-cru/o tl UJ l']h 
^ujijuiDu \knpuf3-tunL.nn ♦ 

lO* II. *Unquj ihtfiiMpnL.[3-hL?ifu tuJiirs t / M ^ i 7-A~ 
diuijnL,p hrujifp ludhrulrnnifli fit tujuitua-ut Igir 'u*l__ 
Jh-fiJ-Irugffu t Wq£__ (t-p * 

1Q* I n-ffu | uiutputU qj&nuqjpfu J^utp^uj^ 
L,uja-£* f fc ^lunuigU <X)l}lb' u J r gt-nrf yypJrptrupnnu 

It- S)^iz nu ♦ qt htrt?* 9 *- '**"- H^iP* P~ nt -nP^* ^\*** L -~ 

*[nu X [3-l?iql?Ln lt~ ffi{frU f ft fpmu^tuhu trft t i t * JU ^ 



i^7 

7« Therefore do thou write to us, or come 
thyself amongst us quickly : 

8. we believe in the Lord, that, as it was 
revealed to Theouas, he hath delivered thee 
from the hands of the unrighteous. 

9. But these are the sinful words of these 
impure men, for thus do they say and teach. 

10. that it behoves not to admit the Pro- 
phets: 

11. neither do they affirm the omnipo- 
tence of God: 

12. neither do they affirm the resurrection 
of the flesh: 

10. neither do they affirm that man was 
altogether created by God: 

1 4. neither do they affirm that Jesus Christ 
was born in the flesh from the Virgin Mary: 

i5. neither do they affirm that the world 
was the work of God, but of some one of 
the Angels. 

16. Therefore do thou make haste to come 
amongst us: 

17. that this city of the Corinthians may 
remain without scandal: 

1 8. and that the folly of these men may 
be made manifest by an open refutation ; 
Fare thee well. 

19. The Deacons Thereptus and Tichus 
received and conveyed the epistle to the City 
of the Philippians. When Paul received the 
epistle although he was then in chains on ac- 



i|8 

VjuiuJUinufrfylrujj | uintftniufuft tyunOf ftpnL- tfti^ 
n-ufuuit^Uifua oIjiuujujuu 9 /L unun LunfunLi e hdlu 
ijuiuh tiufufigu unp [hiluju x u- ujuLj [*"P>iJj hp~ 
pL. (3-tj ["**- hp ffui Irp-t? ijuijuTCuiiilriiMi kjft % 
h- pi»if- ^trutuSt kyft ? £.ufu [3-1? uiuutt/u *un//fiu 
iflunHhnd, u~ auijuurhufi pu/liu u- utuq^uiu lulriP 
qunt~ui ilujneLtufi^fruirii-.[3-lriifij ? qfi uipuit/nL,[3~[t 
n uininifriL-P~lTUjU utrpuJt <^iuuufulf uJL.utn.hL t 
■ >*- % J UJ / n -/ iJJt fi uiLun. Luu^uiuupq tl&rpuij fyutf h 
Ijujiuufuu , II. uitruufuiri qiyn. uiqljUi uiutpui^ 
IjnjUf uiil. nnu ^[3-u/qlrujiuuiuiu/ULUjn U- JiVli^ 
^IrUujjhqijnnuj , q-nno-lrt<^tJUJnh q^iuppu t !>*= 
uttuuiiju pujoni^iP nunuunujUon utnfut^p m|u/£_ w 
nnu P~qPnju uiujuiujufuu/uft t 

urb iinr6p»u.8Ni 
VOwts ) * 



!• 'mujcnnu fiui£ufbiuL.itn !\ ft u nL.uh *(\/»/''C 
uinuft turn, prnrzujpu \\nnuf7£ujqhu » 'A pujqnt-tP 
dnhu[uilil$ luuuitt nn£npj t 

2* \> u n ^H^ M }^l gu pb OwndtugtrutilriP trfp-ij 
tJJ J nL £t Ui /' JwH'lu'nuiiiti puft-ufuufu ^puiuiyflfl 
Zjuptfu * 



%l< 



count of Statonice the wife of Apopholanus, 
yet as it were forgetting his bonds, he mour- 
ned over these words, and said weeping: — It 
w r ere better for me to be dead, and with the 
Lord. For while I am in this body, and hear 
the wretched words of such false doctrine; 
behold, grief arises upon grief, and this 
trouble adds a weight to my chains, when 
I behold this calamity, and progress of the 
machinations of Satan, who searcheth to do 
wrong. — And thus with deep affliction Paul 
composed his reply to the epistle. 



EPISTLE OF PAUL 

TO THE CORINTHIANS. 

(Found in the Armenian-Bible as an Apocry- 
phal writing.) 

LORD BYRON'S TRANSLATION. 

i. X aul in bonds for Jesus Christ, distur- 
bed by so many errors, to his Corinthian 
brethren, Health. 

2. I nothing marvel that the preachers of 
evil have made this progress. 



i5o 

3 * WjL it $ty Q[iunL.u ifciqjiuqiultt, m„ 
pusuql? tj^.iUfsst.uuiis fit-p iftuuU lujUnn^l^ np shn„ 
iftnhsl/u L- ufLMUMptjJru sj<^psusJiuuu %nnui t 

np tru [fisghpU fful^iujUMj jiunuus&hnn V* n-iunlr^ 
fnau 9 nn sjuultruusju J-usJUhus^u plirL. ^ trnsnfu 
sfhrpy f^fsuns-ufi ^\pfsutnnufs ZP^Jft?" * 

5* \^t- wpn} uiut-iPy qft £ t?p \\t unt - u K \\pb tJL 
gnnu p 1J ujpptissfius \JniL.ulf Ctuuml. 9 np t^p 'A 

6* putn lUL-lnnk-ujn <^nu-t-njis 1 In fins , usn~ 9 fr 
^o/i^r 9 fi J^pfabS wn-ivgLrinj 9 fs Is Jut ♦ 

7 • it l UM ?b MUJ P^ u dtukunh m \hunt-u f L~ susptis^ 
uifruulj nsistfiruiuju sliupujfu pt^pntl sJiupuUnqli ♦ 
sjfs tstflra 9 fs ilh-nJrinn stispniLunl? ♦ 

0* npuilfu **nrisn qufli&ii op nullity t 

9* !>*- it j^/ m itsb it ^cft 'b >°f £ 

Uintrij&sisi- t 

10* ilusiAs sufunphlf dlupnfu 9 fs sjnpuintrnfis'u 
fiL-pm-iP ufufefuij-fip n^ffljiuij f 

1 1 ♦ «jy/ fi&q-plrijiiiiL. y sjjs 9 ft SlrnJis npsj.tr „ 
tj-pnuP-lrujifis fyhrusfrsiiisiiiunh x 

12* x \\"Anp 1 mnns-iuh- np tusflrutujufs V 4/*^* 
4" t ^"fjp ^sksjsnJis sHrpsis !\fsuns-ufs ^V^pb uuin ^ 
u[s ♦ #i/f suptisp inrpl{puu b- 1&~pfyfsp $ tun-iuptruMij 

%sufu *{l ^ptjlUSUU SfjA UipSf-USplfUU ♦ 

1 3* tffi J h sflrsiusn ufuinh isnniu sfisnuiu fynp^ 
sjlrunt? f Ll. <£usIsijI? tiupsT.iLSpni-[3-htJu b*-P * 

i t qf* ^'h fyuJiflfp'uujfu sJrpsjlri sfinniJu'u |*f/ w 
pufjlffft f psjLsp/utrusij tupfy e uiu tntLL.ssj ufuuip p 
rftcy \Y* tu C? 4M '{*fcpifc*' 



i5i 

5. For because the Lord Jesus is about to 
fulfil his coming, verily on this account do 
certain men pervert and despise his words. 

4. But I verily, from the beginning have 
taught you that only which I myself received 
from the former Apostles, who always remai- 
ned with the Lord Jesus Christ. 

5. And I now say unto you that the Lord 
Jesus Christ was born of the Virgin Mary, 
who was of the seed of David, 

6. according to the annunciation of the 
Holy Ghost, sent to her by our Father from 
heaven ; 

j. that Jesus might be introduced in the 
world , and deliver our flesh by his flesh, 
and that he might raise us from the dead; as 

8. in this also he himself became the example. 

g. That it might be made manifest that 
man was created by the Father, 

10. he has not remained in perdition un- 
sought , 

11. but he is sought for, that he might be 
revived by adoption. 

12. For God who is the Lord of all, the 
father of our Lord Jesus Christ; who made 
heaven and earth, sent first the Prophets to 
the Jews.* 

i5. that he would absolve them from their 
sins, and bring them to his justice. 

14. Because he wished to save first the 
house of Israel, he bestowed and poured forth 
his Spirit upon the Prophets; 



l52 

ID* np qufudh[utp e u luuwnL-UJ&iauJpjpnt-P-ftiSlM 
uL nhriintfurfii ^y^nftuinnuft ^lupnnlrugtru diu^ 
dufuiulgagz piuadop. t 

lb* |* Wi £ n n ufuont/it ftifuu/ifu 4/ r hpP"- UJU ^ 

innL.UL8&ushujf I^UJuTrgiut- y S,hrnflt tuplsuful^p ' ft 
*lsnuui ♦ 

XI* II. quiiflrUujpi ifiupr^ftfy tHrnqo l[iuu[i?p ♦ 

lO* ^.ujuiffi h- n-uiiniuumufiifi utpfuujp<^ft dtrn, 
Zk-iuttjffii % 

1CW 1 uuint-uia* lUtflrliUjl^uMfhppluiupn-UMpgii^ 
gnt-nuAhrti^uit/lrgujL. y u~ n^l^iutlhrguit- funmhrt 
npL.p uinhrn^rnt-tucru 9 

2 0* ftp.pL- trmtru itupjujptriuij nnnpdlrnujL. ♦ 

2 1* L- uin-iuplnun ft dtufuauA dutdu/uiul^tug 
1^> ni tf} u ^\ nL -PP *b M "J"** > itutL.iu9tua-nfu ^l^wu 
intrust ill lupa^tupijfti^p, t 

2 2* II p ftppL. up tit ft din op <£ujl* turn tug f trqu- 
uipdu/uft tqufuiut b- cfuuMutrt ov tfp tftrp * \p^ 
unuu ^i\pftumnu t 

2 0* O ft l^npuiniul^ufu dusphuntfu f n P ni I 
^lutupiniugtrusi % J UJ P t tb itf"^*!* i^P" > 'undffu 
ifuiplfhnip/ //pLnuJiJpirujf ttu%r^pdufukrunft ; 

2^* P~h tJvP t u k I u * J *ni-UJ&' t *' f* *ff tluip^ 
Jjfu ufuqLp lftt-p m\ftuni-u <l \pftutnnu fyrtitrtuq 
U- dtpl^truta aljnpu in um Intuit dm p Jffafli ♦ lu 5a.tr tun 
tfunuiu ft iftruiuuU tiuuftintruftg ft ZtrnUi ^iu^ 
L,iuuinqu t 

2 5* C*J ft ujpn.ujpni-P-h'iJJu ingulf tup unt-pp 
jf"-P diupifftii iuu/jLp iffuhrinu dtuifufuui^iuqii 
uMiumpiuuintrugij ♦ 



1DD 

1 5. that they should for a long time preach 
the worship of God, and the Nativity of 
Christ. 

16. But he who was the prince of evil, 
when he wished to make himself God, laid 
his hand upon them, 

17. and bound all men in sin, 

18. Because the judgement of the world 
was approaching. 

19. But almighty God, when he willed to 
justify, was unwilling to abandon his crea- 
ture; 

20. but when he saw his affliction, he had 
compassion upon him: and 

2 1 . at the end of the time he sent the Holy 
Ghost into the Virgin foretold by the Pro- 
phets. 

22.WI10 believing readily, was made wor- 
thy to conceive, and bring forth our Lord 
Jesus Christ. 

2 3. That from this perishable body in 
which the evil Spirit was glorified, he should 
be reproved, and manifested 

24. that he was not God. For Jesus Christ 
in his flesh had recalled and saved this peri- 
shable flesh, and drawn it into eternal life 
by faith. 

25. Because in his body he should prepare 
a pure temple of justice for all ages; 



1 1 



1 54- 

2 6* inn L~ tffrj£u hp.nL- ^WL-iumuiqiup y uiaui^ 
inlrtjujg. t 

2 y* V/V"* a-ftiniuupfcg t'P-h n* trU 'unguM 
npn-hjZ uipn-utpnL.p-lruJu j un^piupbnL.{3-trufu + 

20* qff qnqnndhi-P-htSifu 1 uutnL-hrnj Lpjjp„ 
'^Ctru lufuAufuq ht-ntrufun , 

2Q, Zl. utulrU y tr (3-1? n^tru kntyfihp L. kplffip 
IL. tuifiruLUpJ uinutnuicTp &tm-iun-.nncFD -^onu 
uiifh^uuifun * 

OO* 1 Mt J[_^ £f lB ui uftihh-h~uJiJ*u qo^fAt nuuntMu 
ntfuffu ♦ 

5 1 ♦ pwjn q-nt-g? nonnL.[3-lriuu r pU 1 uuinL.ornj 
A p-UJq tlh-nd-h-qiunnL-n h 'unquful? ♦ Zl ajunuwp 
t^^pn-UJiutrinni-f^hifu c Unqui y h Jit/nO' h P-tun ^ut„ 
[UJ&trgt?^ t 

n-ni-fji-trufu > ujj gifufu fyn l?Up uhplrqlrMjju 1>Y^" 

DO* ihuuU npnj J-iuifluuiulf giupnt-[3-lruA^uJU 
pnnh-qiuL- pun- tudlrutrulruju x 

C>4* I \ujja np uiulru ifa^L iujpni-[3-p ifiupiP^ 
'unj } tinguM hul^ ilru tiunJutrrnq 'ft IftrufuuU ins, 
upuitrupq } 

DO* ujji'h n-UJuiuJupupuinL.(3-hiJu x CJ (i p 
q-iuiniuuuiufu lutphqlru P-Irpui^uii-UJUifZ iftuptfi, 
tint/* 

OCU qfi ndiupjfflfu nnp lUutrU fl-l? * h r p % J UJ ^ 
pnu(3~fnJu , ^unnuj dfr tpQp juipni-fo-ftifu ♦ qp 
OJjLu£pufipu 'A jiupnt-P-fTulfu nt-puiq truing B-fKr 
uiufufiit x 



1 55 

26. in whom we also when we believe are 
saved, 

27. Therefore know ye that these men are 
not the children of justice, but the- children 
of wrath; 

28. Who turn away from themselves the 
compassion of God. 

29. who say that neither the heavens nor 
the earth were altogether works made by 
the hand of the Father of all things. 

30. But these cursed men have the doc- 
trine of the Serpent. 

5 1. But do ye by the power of God with- 
draw yourselves far from these, and expel 
from amongst you the doctrine of the wicked. 

32. Because you are not children of diso- 
bedience but the sons of the beloved Church. 

33. And on this account the time of the 
resurrection is preached to all men. 

34. Therefore they who affirm that there 
is no resurrection of the flesh, they indeed 
shall not be raised up to eternal life, 

35. but to judgement and condemnation 
shall the unbeliever arise in the flesh: 

36. For to that body which denies the re- 
surrection of the body, shall be denied the 
resurrection, because such are found to re- 
fuse the resurrection. 

07. But you also, Corinthians! have known 



1 56 

qgnplrunin- uh-pdufulf > h- I^Jinq ulrpifufuujq ♦ 

58* qfc ^uiui [nil Jtrjili ufiil^iuU^t jkplAtn ♦ L- 
ufun- *h [unuusp^ t Uuitu dlrn-ufuh ♦ 

5o* b- ujujuj luinJul? fyuufogu £J£-ii##l5#* ifunfu 
ifujndjfu qqJrqtrujf^ 

40 ♦ A- n<lrP-l? [nil dlupiljfu t/Irfy{/i£ juinfut? 9 
u/ttpuJqifuiufUJUipfy inn ^i/lu fy uiu on hiuU nfutr m 1 
on<^Lh t 

4-1*1 ll u ^ rt L li l UJ P u1 kp n f t Jl' u lft J b utrn^ 
i/iuuujq ufuuih LUfL-LulfU *h if^Optrntrif UJJ[__ fa 
ufuiuwi-ujfyuju JiupHhnq Jlu n nLfyuful? t 

42* 'j^/iz^ ffisfiuffij nhuil^D nmXnfjhiifii npq.h 
1 ifuj[d-lrujj ♦ 

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Ppi-U uiJil-u b- qfrppu q~bl^"P u * 

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tf.ntin.ng ufuuip ♦ 

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nui ) u- n< luninu-ufu up IfnpuiquJL. ♦ 

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^uii^iuuip. t 

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unt-u ^.y^nnuuinu 9 turpni-uql? qdilrq npup^u fiUoU 
tusnlrujL. t 

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C^b *b l HrC u {J '^n.h-infii uA^trui^ tuipni-gpu 
niflrn-trujfls f 

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i5 7 
from the seeds of wheat, and from other 
seeds; 

58. that one grain falls dry into the earth, 
and within it first dies; 

09. and afterwards rises again by the will 
of the Lord indued with the same bodv: 

4o. neither indeed does it arise the same 
simple body, but manifold, and filled with 
blessing. 

£i. But we must produce the example 
not only from seed, but from the honorable 
bodies of men. 

42. Ye also have known Jonas the son of 
Amittai; 

43. because he delayed to preach to the 
Ninevites, he was swallowed up in the belly 
of a fish for three days, and three nights: 

4£. and after three days God heard his 
supplication, and brought him out from the 
deep abyss; 

45. neither was any part of his body cor- 
rupted, neither was his eyebrow bent down; 

46. and how much more for you, oh men 
of little faith! 

4.7 . If you believe in our Lord Jesus Christ, 
he will raise you up, even as he himself hath 
risen . 

48. If the bones of Elisha the prophet fal- 
ling upon the dead, revived the dead, 

^9. by how much more shall ye, who are 
supported by the flesh and the blood and the 



J 



58 



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*hbpk u UJ pk "- J ut P r U9 *b t ^ rn -^ r if^g ♦ 

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tnnu lt~ qJHru iujnni~uql? iuiL.nL.nu jutfudjili » 
nnuilfU L. [fupu b u k juJplruiL. '[§ tflr nJr tng nn £+~ 
ij/uiLiutP tfuinifbnJx 

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ij-nuufiiz f 

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qi\j ♦ qft fru nLuiujufuu uutiu lufuZnu hifnt-tP 
fypL-iTf 

54* lb qyV^pfcuuinu £tu<£lrqujjq ♦ u~ l^uiuiut^ 
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tL.ujpl?[iq g u f II. up put 1 L.lruiujnujii[fu <£ujuuiuj„ 
tnntfu tywfP/ip ♦ 

5tu L- thup^u pubuji'Pfip 'A iuipnL.[3-truiij 
iflrn~lr[nn y qhlrujuuu tuit-ftuil/uhq d-uJU-Uili tz.tr u„ 

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*ii[iL.[3-l? plJf- iiupuju-nndruii f It- ffun. uJjunupJjt 
np qujjuujpuh UJiL.uj9ujpLnL.p-[iL% t/htnpnL.[3~k- 
Jtunrul^ufu ntfutiu 9 UJUJUi<f-[fu % 

58* tJfi *unpuj [fhpbfiu [lull ^" & uni - un: -4l 

b^bs "- facb^-e °*bs u -*£ uj ppb3 * 

5 0* 1 1 trpd-lrqtjjnnL-p Lu y h putq ifhrlfutrqui^ 



io 9 
Spirit of Christ, arise again on that day , with 
a perfect body? 

5o. Elias the prophet embracing the wi- 
dow's son raised him from the dead, 

5i. by how much more shall Jesus Christ 
revive you on that day with a perfect body, 
even as he himself hath risen? 

52* But if ye receive other things vainly, 

55. henceforth no one shall cause me to 
travail: for I bear on my body these bonds 

54. to obtain Christ; and I suffer with pa- 
tience these afflictions to become worthy of 
the resurrection of the dead. 

55. And do each of you having received 
the law from the hands of the blessed Pro- 
phets and the holy Gospel * firmly main- 
tain it; 

56. to the end that you may be rewarded 
in the resurrection of the dead and the pos- 
session of life eternal. 

67. But if any of ye not believing shall 
trespass, he shall be judged with the mis- 
doers, and punished with these who have 
false belief. 

58. Because such are the generations of 
vipers, and the children of dragons, and ba- 
silisks. 

59. Drive far from amongst ye, and fly 



i6o 

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a-ujunptri ft <UfpuJi uiJlruiuju 1 pu-bifiq > Ll. 
I unntruuiuflitruifq ♦ Zl. auJUMUUMuhri q\ t uuipn^ 
^nu XAvuMU-UMi^np p l.nuni^^f^^JutauAq^trqnL.^ 
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i6i 

from such, with the aid of our Lord Jesus 
Christ. 

60. And the peace and grace of the belo- 
ved Son be with you! Amen. 



LORD BYRON'S TRANSLATION 



A, 



.rsaces the great King of the Persians 
and Parthians is said with the Parthians to 
have revolted from the Macedonians, to have 
reigned over all Assyria and the East; and 
having slain the King Antiochus at Nineveh 
to have reduced the world under his domi- 
nion . 

He appointed his brother Valarsaces King 
of Armenia, rightly deeming that his domi- 
nions would thus become more secure and 
consolidated; he bestowed upon him the roy- 
al of Nisibin, and assigned the limits of his 
territory, one part from the west of Syria, 
and Palestine and Asia and all the inlaud 
places and Thitalia from the Pontic sea to 
the spot where Caucasus ends in the wes- 
tern Ocean, and Atropatane, and » whatever 
else thy prudence or valour may acquire. 
For to the brave, he says, their arms are 
boundaries, what they win, they wear « . 

He, when he had completely trauquilized 
his kingdom, and established his power, de- 



fti~p* IptitP bqL. tj-fcuilr^ unpin f (3-f? y^> j L. 
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^tujng J^fu^L- guu* ♦ qjzusfUug ujpijJrop , &~[3-lf 
qihuuiiuq Luuqtrutipifuji qintrqfr i 

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i63 

sired to know, who and what sort of men 
had reigned before him over Armenia, and 
whether they were valiant or indolent. 

Having chosen therefore a Syrian, Mari- 
bas (or Marabas) of Catina, a learned man, 
and very skilful in Chaldaic and Greek lite- 
rature, he sent him to his brother Arsaces, 
with proper presents, to entreat him to per- 
mit the inspection of the royal Archives; aud 
fu raised him with letters of which the fol- 
lowing is a specimen. 

55 To Arsaces King of Earth and Sea, 
whose form and image are like those of our 
Gods, but his fortune and fate above all Mo- 
narchs, and the greatness of his mind such 
as is the heaven above the earth; Valarsa- 
ces his younger brother and fellow-Soldier, 
appointed by him King of Armenia, sends 
Health and Victory in all things. 

Since I received thy commands to culti- 
vate valour and wisdom, I have never ne- 
glected this thine admonition; but have ad- 
ministered in all things with diligent care, 
to the extent of my capacity and power. 

Being delegated by thee to this kingdom, 
I have resolved to enquire what order of 
men ruled over Armenia before me, and 
what was the origin of these Satrapies around 
me. For neither indeed appears any regula- 
rity of things here whence it may be seen, 
what was the worship in the temples, or 



£64 

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i65 

what was first or last done in this region, 
nor are there any certain laws, but all is 
confused and barbarous. 

For which reason I pray thee, my Lord, 
that to this man, who will abide in the pre- 
sence of thy Majesty the ingress of the royal 
Library may be permitted that he may ac- 
quire the knowledge of such things as thy 
brother and son desires, and return to us 
with the truth. And the pleasure which is to 
arise from the fulfilment of our wishes, we 
well know will be a joy to thee also. Fare- 
well, oh thou illustrious dweller among the 
Gods! 

When Arsaces the great had received these 
letters from Maribas of Catina, with the 
greatest alacrity he permitted him to search 
the royal Archives of Nineveh, rejoicing 
that his brother to whom he had committed 
the government of half his kingdom, was 
endued with such a disposition . 

When Maribas therefore inspected the 
Manuscripts, he found a certain book, in 
the greek character, of which this is said to 
have been the title. 

« This Volume was translated from the 
chaldaic language into greek, by order of 
Alexander, and contains the authentic histo- 
ry of the Antients and our Ancestors, who 
are said to commence with Zeruanus, Titan, 
and Apetosthes; in this book each of these 
three celebrated men and their posterity are 



x66 

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qujjd-iP ^Unooo liui/ofS- isjputpp l^h'lj op ^"t 9 ^ 



167 
registered in order each in his proper place 
for many years w . 

From this volume Maribas of Gatina con- 
veyed to king Valarsaces then in the city of 
Nisibiu the history of our Nation faithfully 
compiled and writteu in syriac and greek. 

When . . . Valarsaces had received this 
Manuscript... esteeming it amongst his chief 
treasures, he directed the volume to be dili- 
gently preserved, and ordered a portion of 
it's contents to be engraven on a column. 

Which narrative, we having verified the 
series of our facts, are now about to repeat 
at thy command, and to trace back our early 
government to the Chaldean Sardanapaius, 
and even beyond. 

Corenensis in his Armenian History. 

LORD BYRON'S TRANSLATION. 

It was beautiful then to behold Christ as 
a bridegroom nobly adorned for the nuptial 
chamber, who spake with a soft voice to his 
most pure beloved: » Enlarge the place of 
thy tent, and of thy porch; spare not, plant 
it, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy 
stakes; for thou shalt break forth on the right 
hand and on the left, and thy seed shall in- 
herit the Gentiles, and thou shalt renew the 
ruined cities of the Idolaters. Fear not, 
though till now by means of these I have co- 



i68 

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^phr^uiut^ f It- ufjfif * 



i6 9 
vered thee with confusion. For I swear, that 
I shall never repent to make my abode of 
pleasure with thee who art my repose for 
ever and ever » . 

Then the iirst Enemy, in ambush for his 
prey, perceiving that his snares were disco- 
vered, and that the worship of God flouri- 
shed throughout the world, observing that 
those who had been deceived were redeem- 
ed, and that the inheritors of Paradise re- 
turned to their country, that the celestial 
holiness poured forth it's glory, that the in- 
strument of hatred being broken, the fruits 
of charity began to multiply themselves, and 
the hope of all no longer turned to the 
earth , ascended to the heavenly abodes , 
forth from the cave of his malice he issued 
like the lion roaring in his anger, and roam- 
ed about with open and insatiate jaws, to 
devour the Church recovered by Christ. 
Lampronensis in his Synodical oration. 

A. GOODE'S TRANSLATION 

Ripsima! Angel surpassing in beauty, wis- 
dom, and grace; thou art chosen from the 
family of mighty Kings, and given to us a 
preseut from the Latin race. 

Thou travaller journeying on the road of 
heaven, well skilled in Celestial Laws, hav- 
ing denied Thyself, and the glories of thy 
native country . — Ripsima, etc. 

12 



170 

1 \ifiuuuinifii utiL,pp fyni-uuiU nJrpauipnnt 

^pni^pu&pu 9 P jlrpkbC gu pk lr UlJ 

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I %pp- UM 'h u Ul nu ty*rP~* r f uiujpifruitfi t 

\\tt-ujufuiufy ht-nuMa-inL-fu qufhlpjjifi ♦ 

^t^plryiriLufy > u~ usjfu t 
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I. #i/i X.nitrufu uiuiuiuflfu I? nnjn. 11.u1n.UJp ♦ 

( jJtuiuiuuut I n uJt f-hf H-nt- ujpn-tup ♦ 

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-^uipuu lutfuht* ij.nL. ujplruJiIp. noquiL,nn 
^plryuiiulf f It- *yfif * 

'ubrUl-U i| 1^13.61781-* 



1 7 1 



Wise, holy Virgin, most venerable, 
Thou didst light up the lamp of Faith with 
the fire of the Word shed abroad on the 
earth. — Ripsima, etc. 

Of pure Virginity Thou hast been be- 
trothed to the Bridegroom the incarnate 
Christ, and placed on the inaccessible nup- 
tial couch. — Ripsima, etc. 

Lovely Peacock ! nursed affectionately, 
charming, delicately shining with thy gol- 
den thread; enchanting, anointed with thy 
triple crown . — - Ripsima, etc. 

Thou Dove over hov'ring in the air, the 
Ark of the new Noah is thy dwelling: Thou 
righteous Stork, who hast destroyed the 
Serpent. — Ripsima, etc. 

Thou Martyr skilful and valiant of the 
power of the true Word of the Father, who 
didst firmly tread the Wine-press. — Rip- 
sima, etc. 

Thou art colored, having been plunged 
in a crimson dye; thou art covered with 
leaves like the blushing Apple; Thou comely 
Bride veiled with thy blood. — Ripsima, etc 

NIERSES CLAJENSIS. 



I 7 2 



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fttitapU nuinlyiTU > Al. at a£> uiLUjp e udiu x I A£_ hr^, 
J^truit 'ft tlftuiu [u-p X luufy ♦ t p.ufu{t ifapJifyufiuy 



FROM THE NEW TESTAMENT 



JO orasmuch as many have taken in hand 
to set forth in order a declaration of those 
things which are most surely believed among 
ns, even as they delivered them unto us, 
who from the beginning were eye-wituesses, 
and ministers of the word; it seemed good 
to me also', having had perfect understan- 
ding of all things from the very first, to write 
unto thee in order, most excellent Theophi- 
lus, that thou mightest know the certainty 
of those things wherein thou hast been in- 
structed. LUKE. i. i — 4- 

A certain man had two sons: And the 
younger of them said to his father, Father, 
give me the portion of goods that falleth to 
nie . And he divided unto them his living. 
And not many days after the younger son 
gathered all together, and took his journey 
into a far country, and there wasted his 
substance with. riotous living. And when he 
had spent all, there arose a mighty famine 
in that land; and he began to be in want . 
And he went and joined himself to a citizen 
of that country; and he sent him into his 
fields to feed swine. And he would fain have 
filled his belly with the husks that the swine 
did eat: and no man gave unto him. And 



*7i 

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fyffbu f It- tun-iu^ft ^n ♦ L- njf_ lt-u iriP uind iifisft 
fl n £tLl"ttfa -P n * tupm qftu frpplt- aJft f ft i/uip£^ 

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laCuflfu Lun-LU$[iu 9 L. uMtf.nL.nijn Itilut ♦ A_ mnLp 
qdiuuiufuffu J h StrttHi *unniu , A- fyoyptju inmu 
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fybnhqni-jz II. nLputht [ftjnLp i <yA £*>/«# npn.li fiiT 
iUrttJbrtUl tfp It- trlprutq > Lnpnt-uhrutt kjp II. 
u-Uiuml. ♦ Zl. ulptufu nLputht M^utrtx — 1 >£- 4/* 

0^3 n L ir tl i tun p ui f J UJt t UJ C UJ hb 9 it^iuitLcrtL. 

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adft J [t &iun-iuj[iifu x <$guptju&l?p , fiLk\ qfu^frgk 

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pmifp pulpujiut- qliui t I viuplpuqtut- > A_ n^lpxt^ 
tf%rp JuiiXtUtri^ it- ^uiipu hrsh-iuitupuiuinu ujqur^ 
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fjyw .pufup utifh IrU > qfr ctujn^ujjInP ^plra^y Ll; 
krppijj* iiwutinnt-ltpiuuiut- J> nt / "J uHtgp ♦ nt-f^up 
k~ppljqp n< Erwni-p pit A aft ni^putht Irntjg phn- 
puspbrl£itttlu pil % 9 tftpdutiP trlfit npu.fi n- ^pn tujrp 



i 7 5 

when he came to himself, he said, How ma- 
ny hired servants of my father's have bread 
enough and to spare, and I perish with 
hunger! I will arise and go to my father, 
and will say unto him, Father, I have sin- 
ned against heaven, and before thee, and 
am no more worthy to be called thy son: 
make me as one of thy hired servants. — 
And he arose; and came to his father. But 
when he was yet a great way off, his father 
saw him, and had compassion, and ran, and 
fell on his neck, and kissed him. And the 
son said unto him, Father, I have. sinned 
against heaven, and in thy sight, and am no 
more worthy to be called thy son. But the 
father said to his servauts, Bring forth the 
best robe, and put it on him ; and put a 
ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet: And 
bring hither the fatted calf, and kill it; and 
let us eat and be merry: For this my son 
was dead, and is alive again; he was lost, 
and is found: And they began to be merry. 
Now his elder son was in the field: and as 
he came and drew nigh to the house, he 
heard music and dancing: And he called one 
of the servants, and asked what these things 
meant. And he said unto him. Thy brother 
is come; and thy father hath killed the fatted 
calf, because he hath received him safe and 
sound . And he was angry, and would not 
go in: therefore came his father out, and en- 
treated him. And he answering said to his 



1 7 6 

np trljh-n q/gHruAu j±n puni ugnnhi^lgu > qlrutrp 
jT^ifut qb"£[li iquipuipuilg * |^t. wutf tfuui ♦ f |V- 
nJruilf runt- <£uiiiuiiuuiq_ £*"[- {* u ^ u f h- uiiHr^. 
TjtupJ np ffc^/uf* h f^Z n h ♦ "H [^ "t-pujfu [fobf^ 
lt_ hfun-Ui^ ufuipui t?p f qft lrnp.uijp j*n ijjjii iflr^ 
n~trui[t?n L- trfytriutj , Ignpni^ulrujil^p II. nuitm x 



1 Jp nlfli Ifp if/r&nj in nifli f b- ui nuflil y p ptr^ 

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■I uiquipnu > ufulftriUf nfut^n utn- rLpufu unpiu 

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niu t 1 T^£_ knb- iflrn-utiilri wngiuuiffu f It- uiut^ 

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Juiqnuuqly qiJrqnL. niP qp uiuituuttypiP p uiut^ 

iqnj utuuip i ■>«- utul? *juui | ppui^uiiP* «/» w 

ij-h-uilf jfip&'w qp puliUM/tup utUrfAfii apuipfcu^pn 



*77 
lather, Lo, these many years do I serve thee, 
neither transgressed I at any time thy com- 
mandment: and yet thou never gavest me a 
kid, that 1 might make merry with my 
friends: But as soon as this thy son was come, 
who hath devoured thy living with harlots, 
thou hast killed for him the fatted calf. And 
he said unto him, Son, thou art ever with 
me, and all that I have is thine. It was meet 
that we should make merry and be glad: for 
this thy brother was dead, and is alive again; 
and was lost, and is found, luke xv. i 1 — 82. 

There was a certain rich man, who was 
clothed in purple and line linen, and fared 
sumptuously every day: And there was a cer- 
tain beggar named Lazarus, who was laid 
at his gate, full of sores, and desiring to be 
fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich 
man's table: moreover, the dogs came and 
licked his sores. And it came to pass that 
the beggar died, and was carried by the 
Angels into Abraham's bosom: the rich man 
also died, and was buried; And in hell he lif- 
ted up his eyes, being in torments, and seeth 
Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom: 
And he cried and said, Father Abraham, 
have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that 
he may dip the tip of his finger in water, 
and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in 
this flame. But Abraham said, Son, remem- 
ber that thou in thy lifetime receivedst 



i-j8 

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19— 3 1- 



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ufuuih trth-usi hishstup ^tuu nfu%utt. h-qu^z p XXpUfc 



179 

thy good things, and likewise Lazarus evil 
things: but now he is comforted, and thou 
art tormented . And besides all this , be- 
tween us and you there is a great gulf fixed: 
so that they who would pass from hence to 
you cannot; neither can they pass to us that 
would come from thence . Then he said, I 
pray thee therefore, father, that thou woul- 
dest send him to my father's house; for I have 
five brethren: that he may testify unto them, 
lest they also come into this place of tor- 
ment. Abraham saith unto him, They have 
Moses, and the prophets; let them hear 
them. And he said, Nay, father Abraham: 
but if one went unto them from the dead, 
they will repent. And he said unto him, If 
they hear not Moses and the prophets, nei- 
ther will they be persuaded though one rose 
from the dead, luke xvi. 19 — 3i. 

When it was determined that we should 
sail into Italy, they delivered Paul and cer- 
tain other prisoners unto one named Julius, 
a centurion of Augustus'band. And entering 
into a ship of Adramyttium, we launched, 
meaning to sail by the coasts of Asia; one 
Aristarchus, a Macedonian of Thessaloni- 
ca, being with us. And the next day we 
touched at Sidon. And Julius courteously 
entreated Paul, and gave him liberty to go 
unto his friends to refresh himself. — And 
when we had launched from thence, we sail- 



i8o 

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ffil^ c Uiui-^fu ) Ll J ji ^ufunLnupd-l»f^ iAif.nL^tP 



iSi 

ed under Cyprus, because the winds were 
contrary. And when we had sailed over the 
sea of Cilicia and Pamphylia, we came to 
Myra, a city of Lycia. And there the cen- 
turion found a ship of Alexandria sailing 
unto Italy; and he put us therein. And when 
we had sailed slowly many days, and scarce 
were come over against Gnidus, the wind 
not suffering us, we sailed under Crete, over 
against Salmone; Aud hardly passing it, 
came unto a place which is called The fair 
havens; nigh whereunto was the city of La- 
sea. — Now when much time was spent, 
and when sailing was now dangerous, be- 
cause the fast was now already past, Paul 
admonished them; and said unto them, Sirs, 
I perceive that this voyage will be with hurt 
and much damage, not only of the lading 
and ship, but also of our lives. Nevertheless, 
the centurion believed the master and the 
owner of the ship, more than those things 
which were spoken by Paul. And because 
the haven was not commodious to winter 
in, the more part advised to depart thence 
also, if by any means they might attain to 
Phenice, and there to winter; which is an 
haven of Crete, and lieth toward the south- 
west and north-west. And when the south 
wind blew softly, supposing that they had 
obtained their purpose, loosing thence, they 
sailed close by Crete. But not long after, 
there arose against it a tempestuous wind, 



l8 



152 



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i83 

called Euroclydon. And when the ship was 
caught, and could not bear up into the wind, 
welet her drive. And running under a certain 
island which is called Glauda, we had much 
work to come by the boat; which when they 
had taken up, they used helps, undergirding 
the ship; and fearing lest they should fall 
into the quicksands, strake sail, and so were 
driven: And we being exceedingly tossed 
with a tempest, the next day they lightened 
the ship; and the third day we cast out with 
our own hands the tackling of the ship. — 
And. when neither sun nor stars in many 
days appeared, and no small tempest lay on 
us, all hope that we should be saved was 
then taken away. But after long abstinence, 
Paul stood forth in the midst of them, and 
said, Sirs, ye should have hearkened unto 
me, and not have loosed from Crete, and 
to have gained this harm and loss. And now 
I exhort you to be of good oheer: for there 
shall be no loss of any man's life among you, 
but of the ship . For there stood by me this 
night the Angel of God, whose I am, and 
whom I serve, saying, Fear not, Paul; thou 
must be brought before Cesar: and, lo, God 
hath given thee all them who sail with thee. 
Wherefore, sirs, be of good cheer; for I be- 
lieve God, that it shall be even as it was 
told me. Howbeit, we must be cast upon a 
certain island. — But when the fourteenth 
night was come, as we were driven up and 



i84 

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G 



i85 

down in Adria, about midnight the ship men 
ieemed that they drew near to some country : 
and sounded, and found it twenty fathoms :and 
when they had gone a little further, they soun- 
ded again, and found it fifteen fathoms. Then 
fearing lest we should have fallen upon rocks, 
they cast four anchors out of the stern, and 
wished for the day. And as the shipmen were 
about to flee out of the ship, when they had 
let down the boat into the sea, under co- 
lour as though they would have cast anchors 
out of the foreship, Paul said to the centu- 
rion and to the soldiers, Except these abide 
in the ship, ye cannot be saved. Then the 
soldiers cut off the ropes of the boat, and 
let her fall off. — And while the day was 
coming on, Paul besought them all to take 
meat, saying, This day is the fourteenth day 
that ye have tarried, and continued fasting, 
having taken nothing . Wherefore I pray 
you to take some meat; for this is for your 
health, for there shall not an hair fall from 
the head of any of you. And when he had 
thus spoken, he took bread, and gave thanks 
to God in presence of them all: and when 
he had broken it, he began to eat. Then 
were they all of good cheer, and they also 
took some meat. And we were in all in the 
ship, two hundred threescore and sixteen 
souls. And when they had eaten enough, 
they lightened the ship, and cast out the 
wheat into the sea. — And when it was day, 

i3 



i86 

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9 ft ujlni^ itft kjili&ni]^ f3-[iL.jilrgffu qUtuifu ♦ II. iu, 
rL.ivQtfli Lnnub ItuML-KU funtriui uflnujpd- tflsitim t 
L. jlruijfu l^nqfRi ^iu^p f fi pnJunL-[3-trht~U x \ft-. 
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trqL. luiflrulrgnifu tfrp&u/litr^ J^pktU * ^ P*H* 



i8 7 
they knew not the land: but they discover- 
ed a certain creek with a shore , into the 
which they were minded, if it were pos- 
sible, to thrust in the ship. And when they 
had taken up the anchors, they committed 
themselves unto the sea, and loosed the rud- 
der-bands, and hoised up the main-sail to 
the wind, and made toward shore. And fal- 
ling into a place where two seas met, they 
ran the ship aground; and the forepart stuck 
fast, and remained immoveable, but the hin- 
der part was broken with the violence of 
the waves. And the soldiers' counsel was to 
kill the prisoners, lest any of them should 
swim out, and escape. But the centurion, 
willing to save Paul, kept them from their 
purpose; and commanded that they who 
could swim, should cast themselves first into 
the sea, and get to land; and the rest, some 
on boards, and some on broken pieces of 
the ship. And so it came to pass, that they 
escaped all safe to land, the acts, xxvii. i~44* 



SELECT PIECES 



FROM THE ARMENIAN WRITINGS. 



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INDEX 

Page. 

Grammar 7. 
Alphabet 8. 
Syllable 10. 
Familiar Abbreviations 1 1 . 
Word 12. 
Noun 12. 
Declension 1 8. 
Adjective 29. 
Middle Nouns 3o. 
Pronoun 56. 
i^er£ 2. 
Participle 5 7. 
Conjugation of the Substantive Verbs 62. 
Conjugation of the Regular Verbs 68. 
Conjugation of the Irregular Verbs 84. 
Verbs Impersonal 100. 
Preposition 102. 
Adverb 107. 
Conjunction 117. 
Interjection 119. 
Syntax 120. 
Accents 107. 
Punctuation 108. 
T%e letters used as the Numbers log. 
Verse 14°. 
Exercises in the Armenian language i£5. 
Select Pieces from the Armenian Wri- 
tings 189. 



